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Summary Chemical Bonding Overview

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Chemical Bonding Overview PDF, Leaving Cert, A-Levels

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  • December 24, 2023
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Chemical Bonding
1 Compounds
definition Compound

A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined


definition Valence shell
The outermost shell or energy level


definition Octet Rule


{ Atoms tent to gain, lose or share electrons reach a con
guration with 8 electrons in the
valence shell (Noble gas con
guration)
Exceptions: Transition metals, elements near helium (Bond to get 2 electrons in outer
shell) }

2 Ionic Bonding
definition Ionic Bonding

Electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions


definition Ion
Atom or group of atoms that have gained or lost electron(s)


definition Cation
Positive Ion
Na+ Ca2+ Al3+

definition Anion
Negitive Ion
F O2 N3

Ionic bonds form when ∆En > 1.7

example
Na Na+ + e
Cl + e Cl
Na+ + Cl NaCl

Complex Ions

Name Formula Charge
Hydroxide OH -1
Nitrate NO3 -1

1

, Name Formula Charge
Hydrogencarbonate HCO3 -1
Permanganate MnO4 -1

Carbonate CO32 -2
Chromate CrO42 -2
Dichromate Cr2O72 -2
Sulfate SO42 -2
Sul
te SO32 -2
Thiosulfate S2O32 -2

Phosphate PO43 -3

Ammonium NH4+ +1


definition Transition Metal
Forms at least one ion with a partially
lled D-sublevel
Have a variable valency

Formulas using Transition metals

ˆ Roman numeral is the group which that atom behaves like
ˆ IE the number of electrons in its outer shell
ˆ 1 4 → 1+ 4+

example Iron(II) Chloride → Fe2+ + 2 Cl FeCl2
Iron(III) Chloride → Fe3+ + 3 Cl FeCl3


3 Covalent Bonding
definition Molecule
A group of atoms joined together. It is the smallest particle of an element or com-
pound that can exist independently

definition Valency

The number of monovalent elements which an atom of that element combines with

Covalent bonds form when ∆En < 1.7

3.1 Types of bonds

Single bonds bonds

definition Sigma (σ ) Bond

Formed from the head on overlap of two orbitals

ˆ Two atomic orbitals form a molecular orbital
Double Bonds


2

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