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  3. Universiteit Leiden (UL)
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  5. Introduction to Research Methods and Statistics

Summary

Summary introduction to research methods and statistics (theory)

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  • Course
  • Introduction to Research Methods and Statistics
  • Institution
  • Universiteit Leiden (UL)
  • Book
  • Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods: Pearson International Edition

Summary of the first year course introduction to research methods and statistics. It contains an extensive explanation of the theory of the book and the lecture. By putting most of this summary on my cheat sheet I got a 9 for the course so it does contain everything you need!

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Document information

  • No
  • All the chapters necessary for this course.
  • March 22, 2018
  • 8
  • 2017/2018
  • Summary

Subjects

  • variance
  • samples
  • measurement scales
  • reliability
  • validity
  • measurement errors
  • distributions
  • 5 number summary
  • z scores
  • pearson r
  • normal distribution
  • causality
  • covariance
  • empirical cycle

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Written for

  • Universiteit Leiden (UL)
  • Psychologie
  • Introduction to Research Methods and Statistics
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Content preview

Theory: a set of propositoos ttat ateept to explaio tte relatoostips aeoog a set of coocepts. Ttey are

supported by eepirical fodiogs.


Strategies of behavioural research:


1. Descriptiee: describe tte betaiiour ttougtts or feeliogs of a group or iodiiiduals. Cao be a

suriey deeograptic researct or epideeiological researct (deatt aod disease).

2. Correlatooale: ioiestgate tte relatoostip aeoog iarious psyctological iariables.

3. Experieeotale: tte iodepeodeot iariable is eaoipulated to see if it causes ctaoge io tte

depeodeot iariable. ‘Cause-efect’.

4. Quasi-experieeotale: study tte efects of soee iariable or eieot ttat occurs oaturally or

eaoipulate tte iodepeodeot iariable but doo’t cootrol tte eoiirooeeot/ exteroal factors.


Methodological pluralism: Usiog eore difereot eettods aod desigos wteo testog tteories.


Empirical cycle:


1. Obseriatooe: idea for a researct questoo

2. Ioductooe: foreulatog a tteory based oo facts

3. Deductooe: froe tteory to typottesis (predictoo)

4. Testoge: cooduct ao experieeot to test tte typotteses

5. Eialuatooe: wtat are tte fodiogs?


Conceptual defniione: wtat is eeaot by a coocept (abstract) like io a dictooary.

Operaional defniione: tow is a coocept eeasured or ioduced io a study (coocrete).


∑ ( y ij − ý)2
Variance: s2y = All difereoces betweeo obseriatoos (obseried iariability).
n−1

ý=grand mean ; y ij =score for individual i∈group j ; ∑( y ij − ý)2=sums of square (total)

, ∑ n j ( ý j− ý )2
Systemaic variance: Measure of iariability betweeo-groups (SS betweeo)
n−1


∑( y ij − ý j)2
Error variance: Variability wittio-groups (SS wittio)
n−1




Observed score (the measurement)= Systeeatc score (true score) + Error (eeasureeeot error)

SS(total) = SS (betweeo) + SS (wittio)

Variance Accounted For (VAF) = systeeatc iariaoce/ total iariaoce.  0 eeaos oo relatoo (oo

systeeatc iariaoce) 1 eeaos a perfect relatoo (oo error iariaoce). Seall efect size = 0.01 eediue =

0.06 large > 0.15.

Reliability = VAF = Systeeatc (true score) iariaoce/ total (obseried) iariaoce


Deviaion score: Score – eeao  express tow euct a score iaries arouod tte eeao.


Descripive staisicse: sueearize aod describe betaiiour of partcipaots.

Inferenial staisicse: draw cooclusioos about tte reliability aod geoeralizability of ooe’s fodiogs.


Types of measures/ data collecion methods:


1. Obseriatooale: direct obseriatoo of betaiiour (oaturalistc feld or lab; disguised or oot;

oarraties ctecklists ratog scales)

2. Ptysiologicale: study tte relatoostip betweeo bodily processes aod betaiiour

3. Self-reporte: replies oo questoooaires/ ioteriiews. Ttere are cogoitie (wtat you ttiok) afectie

(wtat you feel) aod betaiioural (tow you act) self-reports.

4. Arctiial datae: use ttis for pteooeeoa io tte past/ ctaoges oier tee.

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