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InhoudsopgaveHOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING EN DOMEIN KLP ..................................................................................................... 13
1. DEFINIËRING.............................................................................................................................. 13
2. NORMAAL VERSUS ABNORMAAL .................................................................................................... 13
ONDERSCHEID .................................................................................................................................. 13
DEFINITIE VAN EEN PSYCHISCHE STOORNIS............................................................................................... 13
DEFINITIE VAN EEN PSYCHISCHE STOORNIS – DMS-5 ................................................................................. 13
UITSLUITENDE OMSTANDIGHEDEN ......................................................................................................... 13
CULTURELE ASPECTEN VAN AFWIJKEND GEDRAG ....................................................................................... 14
MODELLEN....................................................................................................................................... 14
3. POPULATIE ................................................................................................................................ 15
PREVALENTIE VAN PSYCHISCHE STOORNISSEN........................................................................................... 16
TAKEN............................................................................................................................................. 16
HOOFDSTUK 2: INLEIDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE .............................................................................................. 17
1. INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................. 17
OMSCHRIJVING EN SITUERING .............................................................................................................. 17
NORMALITEIT VERSUS PATHOLOGIE ....................................................................................................... 17
BEGRIPPEN....................................................................................................................................... 18
2. CLASSIFICATIE ............................................................................................................................ 19
BETEKENIS VAN CLASSIFICATIE .............................................................................................................. 19
CLASSIFICATIES.................................................................................................................................. 19
DSM EN ICD .................................................................................................................................... 20
DSM: STOORNIS ............................................................................................................................... 20
3. KENMERKEN .............................................................................................................................. 20
DSM-5 CATEGORIEËN PSYCHISCHE STOORNISSEN ..................................................................................... 20
BELANGRIJKE VERANDERINGEN IN DSM-5 .............................................................................................. 21
DSM-5 BLIJFT BRON VAN CONTROVERSE ................................................................................................ 21
VOOR- EN NADELEN VAN DSM-5 .......................................................................................................... 22
OPBOUW DSM-5.............................................................................................................................. 22
4. DIAGNOSTIEK (BEOORDELINGSMETHODEN) ...................................................................................... 23
KLINISCH INTERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 23
PSYCHOLOGISCHE TESTS ...................................................................................................................... 23
NEUROPSYCHOLOGISCHE TESTS............................................................................................................. 23
GEDRAGSBEOORDELING ...................................................................................................................... 24
FYSIOLOGISCHE BEOORDELING .............................................................................................................. 24
5. CLASSIFICATIE VAN SYMPTOMEN (ZELFSTUDIE) .................................................................................. 24
HOOFDSTUK 3: PSYCHOANALYTISCHE THEORIE EN THERAPIE.............................................................................. 25
1. PSYCHOANALYTISCHE THEORIE....................................................................................................... 25
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 25
,ACHTERGROND ................................................................................................................................. 25
VISIE OP PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE............................................................................................................... 26
BEWUST EN ONBEWUST ...................................................................................................................... 26
PERSOONLIJKHEIDSTHEORIE ................................................................................................................. 26
A. ES / ID .................................................................................................................................... 27
B. UBER-ICH / SUPEREGO ........................................................................................................... 27
C. ICH / EGO ............................................................................................................................... 27
ONTWIKKELINGSFASEN ....................................................................................................................... 27
AFWEERMECHANISMEN ...................................................................................................................... 27
ANDERE GROTE NAMEN -> NU: PSYCHODYNAMISCHE THERAPIE ................................................................... 28
2. BEHANDELING............................................................................................................................ 29
ONTWIKKELING ................................................................................................................................. 29
INVLOEDRIJKE FIGUREN ....................................................................................................................... 30
GRONDLEGGER ................................................................................................................................. 30
VERSCHILLEN .................................................................................................................................... 30
DIAGNOSTIEK ................................................................................................................................... 31
MODEL VAN KERNBERG ...................................................................................................................... 31
INDICATIESTELLING ............................................................................................................................ 31
KINDEREN ........................................................................................................................................ 32
PSYCHOANALYTISCHE THERAPIE ............................................................................................................ 32
THERAPEUTISCHE RELATIE .................................................................................................................... 32
BELANGRIJKE BEGRIPPEN ..................................................................................................................... 33
A. VRIJE ASSOCIATIE ....................................................................................................................... 33
B. WEERSTAND ............................................................................................................................. 33
C. OVERDRACHT ............................................................................................................................ 33
D. TEGENOVERDRACHT ................................................................................................................... 33
E. INTERPRETEREN EN INZICHT GEVEN ................................................................................................. 34
F. DOORWERKEN ........................................................................................................................... 34
EFFECTSTUDIES ................................................................................................................................. 34
HOOFDSTUK 4: LEERTHEORIE EN GEDRAGSTHERAPIE ........................................................................................ 35
1. ACHTERGRONDEN ....................................................................................................................... 35
2. KLASSIEKE LEERPARADIGMA .......................................................................................................... 36
PAVLOV (ZELFSTUDIE) ......................................................................................................................... 36
SCHEMA VAN KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING (ZELFSTUDIE) ............................................................................ 36
TOEPASSING KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING ............................................................................................... 37
BEKRACHTIGING ................................................................................................................................ 37
EXTINCTIE EN SPONTAAN HERSTEL ......................................................................................................... 38
GENERALISATIE EN DIFFERENTIATIE ........................................................................................................ 38
HOGERE-ORDE CONDITIONERING .......................................................................................................... 38
INHIBITIE EN EXCITATIE........................................................................................................................ 38
ZES VARIANTEN ................................................................................................................................. 38
3. OPERANTE LEERPARADIGMA ......................................................................................................... 40
VERSCHIL ......................................................................................................................................... 40
,THORNDIKE ...................................................................................................................................... 40
SKINNER -> SKINNERBOX ..................................................................................................................... 40
VARIANTEN OPERANTE CONDITIONERING ................................................................................................ 41
EFFECT STRAFFEN VERSUS BELONEN ....................................................................................................... 41
BELANGRIJKE BEGRIPPEN ..................................................................................................................... 42
4. SOCIALE LEERTHEORIE .................................................................................................................. 42
5. ONTWIKKELING .......................................................................................................................... 42
6. DIAGNOSTIEK ............................................................................................................................ 42
7. THERAPIE.................................................................................................................................. 43
KLASSIEKE COMPONENT ...................................................................................................................... 43
A) EXPOSURE ................................................................................................................................ 43
ANGSTCURVE: VERLOOP VAN ANGST ...................................................................................................... 44
GRADUELE EXPOSURE (MEEST GEBRUIKT) ................................................................................................ 44
FLOODING........................................................................................................................................ 44
EXPOSURE MET RESPONSPREVENTIE....................................................................................................... 45
CUE-EXPOSURE ................................................................................................................................. 45
B) STIMULUSCONTROLE ................................................................................................................... 45
C) CONTRACONDITIONERING ............................................................................................................ 45
OPERANTE COMPONENT ..................................................................................................................... 46
SHAPING ......................................................................................................................................... 46
VAARDIGHEIDSTRAININGEN ................................................................................................................. 46
HOOFDSTUK 5: COGNITIEVE THEORIE EN THERAPIE .......................................................................................... 47
1. INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................. 47
2. ELLIS ........................................................................................................................................ 47
VOORBEELD SCHEMA ELLIS .................................................................................................................. 47
ELLIS ............................................................................................................................................... 47
D. BECK ....................................................................................................................................... 48
KENMERKENDE PROCESSEN BIJ PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE – VOLGENS BECK ........................................................... 48
KENMERKENDE PROCESSEN BIJ PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE – VOLGENS BECK ........................................................... 49
VOORBEELDEN .................................................................................................................................. 50
E. SCHEMA’S ................................................................................................................................. 50
ACTIVATIE VAN SCHEMA’S ................................................................................................................... 50
SCHEMA’S ONTSTAAN DOOR: ............................................................................................................... 51
INSTANDHOUDING VAN SCHEMA’S ........................................................................................................ 51
VERANDERING VAN SCHEMA’S .............................................................................................................. 51
INHOUD VAN SCHEMA’S ...................................................................................................................... 51
F. ONTWIKKELING .......................................................................................................................... 52
G. DIAGNOSTIEK ............................................................................................................................ 52
DIAGNOSTIEK VAN ELLIS...................................................................................................................... 52
DIAGNOSTIEK VAN BECK ..................................................................................................................... 53
DIAGNOSTIEK VAN BECK ..................................................................................................................... 53
H. THERAPIE ................................................................................................................................. 54
THERAPIE VOLGENS ELLIS: RATIONEEL EMOTIEVE THERAPIE (RET) ................................................................ 54
,THERAPIE VOLGENS BECK .................................................................................................................... 55
VOORBEELD VAN GEDRAGSEXPERIMENT ................................................................................................. 56
I. EFFECTSTUDIES ........................................................................................................................... 56
HOOFDSTUK 6: BIOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF EN PSYCHOFARMACOTHERAPIE ............................................................ 57
SAMENSTELLING VAN DE HERSENEN ....................................................................................................... 57
A. MACROSCOPISCH ....................................................................................................................... 57
UITVAL/CT-SCAN .............................................................................................................................. 57
FMRI ............................................................................................................................................. 57
EEG ............................................................................................................................................... 58
B. MICROSCOPISCH ........................................................................................................................ 58
1. HET NEURON ............................................................................................................................. 58
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ........................................................................................................................ 58
SYNAPS ........................................................................................................................................... 59
2. PSYCHOFARMACALOGIE ............................................................................................................... 59
PSYCHOFARMACON............................................................................................................................ 59
3. FARMACOKLINIEK ....................................................................................................................... 59
TOEDIENINGSWIJZE ............................................................................................................................ 60
OPNAME ......................................................................................................................................... 61
CIRCULATIE EN DISTRIBUTIE.................................................................................................................. 61
KLARING (CLEARANCE) ........................................................................................................................ 61
STEADY STATE .................................................................................................................................. 61
4. FARMACODYNAMIEK ................................................................................................................... 61
NEUROTRANSMITTERS ........................................................................................................................ 62
5. KLASSES ................................................................................................................................... 62
ANTIPSYCHOTICA ............................................................................................................................... 62
NEVENEFFECTEN ................................................................................................................................ 62
ANTIDEPRESSIVA ............................................................................................................................... 62
NEVENEFFECTEN ................................................................................................................................ 63
BENZODIAZEPINES ............................................................................................................................. 63
STIMULANTIA ................................................................................................................................... 63
HOOFDSTUK 7: ERVARINGSGERICHTE THEORIE EN THERAPIE .............................................................................. 64
1. INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................. 64
2. CLIENT-CENTERED THEORY ............................................................................................................ 64
ROGERS........................................................................................................................................... 64
DE ONTWIKKELING VAN EEN INDIVIDUEEL PERSOON .................................................................................. 64
BEHOEFTE AAN POSITIEVE WAARDERING ................................................................................................. 64
INCONGRUENTIE ................................................................................................................................ 65
PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE .......................................................................................................................... 65
KRITIEK ........................................................................................................................................... 65
3. MASLOW: MOTIVATIETHEORIE ...................................................................................................... 65
4. LAING ...................................................................................................................................... 66
5. PERLS: GESTALT-THEORIE ............................................................................................................. 66
6. ONTWIKKELING .......................................................................................................................... 66
,VERSCHILLEN .................................................................................................................................... 67
7. DIAGNOSTIEK ............................................................................................................................ 67
KLASSIEKE CLIËNTGERICHTE THERAPIE ..................................................................................................... 67
MODERNE CLIËNTGERICHTE THERAPIE .................................................................................................... 68
8. THERAPIE.................................................................................................................................. 68
CLIËNTGERICHTE BEHANDELMETHODEN .................................................................................................. 68
9. EFFECTSTUDIES .......................................................................................................................... 69
HOOFDSTUK 8: SYSTEEMTHEORIE EN GEZINS-EN RELATIETHERAPIE ..................................................................... 70
1. ALGEMENE SYSTEEMTHEORIE ........................................................................................................ 70
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 70
SYSTEEM ......................................................................................................................................... 70
SUBSYSTEEM .................................................................................................................................... 70
WEDERZIJDSE BEÏNVLOEDING ............................................................................................................... 70
CIRCULAIRE CAUSALITEIT ..................................................................................................................... 71
HOMEOSTASE (= EVENWICHT) .............................................................................................................. 71
HOMEOSTATISCHE MECHANISMEN ........................................................................................................ 71
FEEDBACKPROCESSEN ......................................................................................................................... 71
EQUIFINALITEIT (1) EN EQUIPOTENTIALITEIT/MULTIFINALITEIT (2) ................................................................ 72
2. COMMUNICATIETHEORETISCHE BENADERING .................................................................................... 72
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 72
COMMUNICATIE ................................................................................................................................ 72
KENMERKEN VAN COMMUNICATIE......................................................................................................... 72
INTERACTIEPATRONEN ........................................................................................................................ 73
TEGENSTRIJDIGHEDEN......................................................................................................................... 73
3. STRUCTURELE BENADERING........................................................................................................... 73
MINUCHIN: GRONDLEGGER.................................................................................................................. 73
GEZINSSTRUCTUUR, FUNCTIES EN GRENZEN ............................................................................................. 73
ASSOCIATIES EN COALITIES ................................................................................................................... 74
HIËRARCHIE...................................................................................................................................... 74
KLUWEN EN LOS ZAND – GEZIN ............................................................................................................. 74
PATHOLOGIE .................................................................................................................................... 75
4. CONTEXTUELE BENADERING .......................................................................................................... 75
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 75
RELATIONEEL ETHISCH MODEL .............................................................................................................. 75
LOYALITEITEN ................................................................................................................................... 76
OVERLOYAAL EN DELOYAAL.................................................................................................................. 76
LOYALITEITSCONFLICTEN...................................................................................................................... 76
BALANS TUSSEN GEVEN EN NEMEN ........................................................................................................ 76
ROULERENDE REKENING ...................................................................................................................... 77
5. ONTWIKKELING .......................................................................................................................... 77
6. DIAGNOSTIEK ............................................................................................................................ 77
ELEMENTEN IN GEZINSDIAGNOSTIEK....................................................................................................... 78
GEZINSDIAGNOSTIEK .......................................................................................................................... 78
,7. THERAPIE.................................................................................................................................. 78
THERAPEUTISCHE RELATIE .................................................................................................................... 78
METHODEN EN TECHNIEKEN IN GEZINSTHERAPIE ....................................................................................... 79
METHODEN EN TECHNIEKEN BIJ GEZINSTHERAPIE ...................................................................................... 79
BIJ PARTNERRELATIETHERAPIE .............................................................................................................. 80
8. EFFECTSTUDIES .......................................................................................................................... 81
9. SOCIAAL CULTUREEL PERSPECTIEF ................................................................................................... 82
10. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAAL PERSPECTIEF ................................................................................................. 82
THEORIEËN KRITISCH BEKEKEN .............................................................................................................. 82
WETENSCHAPPELIJKE HOUDBAARHEID.................................................................................................... 82
EVIDENCE BASED ............................................................................................................................... 82
HOOFDSTUK 9: GEDRAGSPROBLEMEN EN -VERSLAVING .................................................................................... 83
1. INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................. 83
INVLOED KIND EN OMGEVING ............................................................................................................... 83
AANDACHTSPUNTEN BIJ GEDRAGSPROBLEMEN ......................................................................................... 84
DSM-5 HOOFDSTUK DISRUPTIEVE, IMPULSBEHEERSINGS-EN ANDERE GEDRAGSSTOORNISSEN ............................. 84
2. NORMOVERSCHRIJDENDE GEDRAGSSTOORNIS (CONDUCT DISORDER) ..................................................... 84
SPECIFIEK NORMOVERSCHRIJDEND-GEDRAGSSTOORNIS .............................................................................. 85
ONTWIKKELINGSPADEN ANTISOCIAAL GEDRAG EN AGRESSIE ........................................................................ 85
SPECIFICATIE MET BEPERKTE PROSOCIALE EMOTIES .................................................................................... 86
3. OPPOSITIONEEL OPSTANDIGE GEDRAGSSTOORNIS (ODD) .................................................................... 86
DSM-5 ........................................................................................................................................... 87
4. OORZAKEN GEDRAGSSTOORNIS ..................................................................................................... 87
5. BEHANDELING............................................................................................................................ 88
INTERVENTIES GERICHT OP DE OUDERS ................................................................................................... 88
INTERVENTIES GERICHT OP HET KIND/ADOLESCENT .................................................................................... 88
6. PROGNOSE ................................................................................................................................ 89
1. INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................. 89
2. DEFINITIE INTERNETGAMINGSTOORNIS ............................................................................................ 89
3. DSM-5 SECTIE II CRITERIA ............................................................................................................ 90
4. PREVALENTIE ............................................................................................................................. 90
5. GAMEN .................................................................................................................................... 90
WAT MAAKT GAMEN ZO ATTRACTIEF ..................................................................................................... 90
POSITIEVE ASPECTEN .......................................................................................................................... 91
SIGNALEN VAN PROBLEMATISCH GAMEN................................................................................................. 91
6. DIAGNOSTIEK 3M-MODEL: MENS, MILIEU EN MIDDEL ......................................................................... 91
MIDDEL ........................................................................................................................................... 92
MILIEU ............................................................................................................................................ 92
MENS ............................................................................................................................................. 93
PROBLEMATISCH GAMEN EN ASS .......................................................................................................... 93
7. BEHANDELING GAMINGSVERSLAVING .............................................................................................. 94
BEHANDELPROTOCOL ......................................................................................................................... 94
BEHANDELPROTOCOL GAMINGVERSLAVING (DEFUENTES-MERILLAS ET AL., 2014) .......................................... 95
,REBOOT KAMP VOOR PROBLEMATISCH GAMEN ........................................................................................ 95
CONCRETE HANDVATEN EN TIPS BIJ BEHANDELING GAMING VERSLAVING ........................................................ 95
SOCIALE CIRKELDIAGRAM – IK-CIRKEL .................................................................................................... 96
VRIJE TIJD ........................................................................................................................................ 96
KWALITEITENSPEL .............................................................................................................................. 96
HOOFDSTUK 10: PSYCHOTRAUMA ................................................................................................................ 97
1. ETIOLOGIE................................................................................................................................. 97
DSM-5 ........................................................................................................................................... 97
LEERTHEORETISCHE ACHTERGROND........................................................................................................ 97
ANGSTNETWERK ............................................................................................................................... 97
WINDOW OF TOLERANCE .................................................................................................................... 98
2. DIAGNOSTIEK ............................................................................................................................ 99
ANAMNESE ...................................................................................................................................... 99
LET OP! ........................................................................................................................................... 99
ACUTE STRESSSTOORNIS...................................................................................................................... 99
DSM-5 – CRITERIA PTSS .................................................................................................................... 99
TRAUMA ....................................................................................................................................... 100
HERBELEVING ................................................................................................................................. 100
RISICOFACTOREN ............................................................................................................................. 100
3. BEHANDELING.......................................................................................................................... 101
SCHRIJFTHERAPIE (à PTSS EN VOOR ACUTE STRESS STOORNIS) ................................................................ 101
EMDR (EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING) ................................................................ 101
EXPOSURE IN VITRO (IMAGINAIRE EXPOSURE) ........................................................................................ 101
NIEUWE INZICHTEN .......................................................................................................................... 101
MEDICAMENTEUS ............................................................................................................................ 101
HOOFDSTUK 11: ROUW............................................................................................................................ 103
WAT IS ROUW? ............................................................................................................................... 103
THEORIEËN OVER ROUW ................................................................................................................... 103
FASEMODEL VAN KÜBLER-ROSS (ONDERZOEK PALLIATIEVEN ..................................................................... 104
TAKENMODEL (WORDEN) ................................................................................................................. 104
HET DUALE PROCESMODEL................................................................................................................. 104
PROTOTYPISCHE TRAJECTEN NA VERLIES OF TRAUMA ............................................................................... 105
GECOMPLICEERDE ROUW (GR) ........................................................................................................... 105
EVIDENTIE VOOR DIAGNOSE GECOMPLICEERDE ROUW .............................................................................. 106
PERSISTERENDE COMPLEXE ROUWSTOORNIS IN DSM-5 SECTIE III .............................................................. 106
KRITISCHE BEMERKINGEN BIJ DIAGNOSE ................................................................................................ 107
DIFFERENTIAALDIAGNOSTIEK (GECOMPLICEERDE) ROUW, DEPRESSIE EN ANGST/PTSS .................................... 108
RISICO- EN BESCHERMENDE FACTOREN ................................................................................................. 108
ALGEMENE HOUDING ....................................................................................................................... 109
BEHANDELING VANUIT COGNITIEF-GEDRAGSTHERAPEUTISCH PERSPECTIEF .................................................... 109
INTERVENTIES/ COMPONENTEN COGNITIEVE GEDRAGSTHERAPIE ................................................................ 110
BEHANDELING ROUW VANUIT SYSTEEMPERSPECTIEF ................................................................................ 111
HERKENNEN GECOMPLICEERDE ROUW IN EEN GEZIN ................................................................................ 111
,GENOGRAM ................................................................................................................................... 112
EFFECTSTUDIES ............................................................................................................................... 112
HOOFDSTUK 12: STEMMINGSSTOORNISSEN ................................................................................................. 113
BEGRIPPEN..................................................................................................................................... 113
1. STEMMINGSSTOORNIS ............................................................................................................... 113
2. DEPRESSIEVE STOORNIS ............................................................................................................. 113
PERSISTEREND DEPRESSIEVE STOORNIS (DYSTHYMIE) ............................................................................... 114
SPECIFICATIES ................................................................................................................................. 114
COMORBIDITEIT BIJ DEPRESSIE ............................................................................................................ 116
DIFFERENTIAAL DIAGNOSTIEK ............................................................................................................. 116
ETIOLOGIE: MULTIFACTORIEEL ............................................................................................................ 116
PATHOGENESE ................................................................................................................................ 116
PREMENSTRUELE STEMMINGSSTOORNIS ............................................................................................... 117
DISRUPTIEVE STEMMINGSDISREGULATIESTOORNIS .................................................................................. 117
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 117
ANTIDEPRESSIVA ............................................................................................................................. 118
3. BIPOLAIRE STOORNIS ................................................................................................................. 118
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 119
GEDWONGEN OPNAME (COLLOCATIE) .................................................................................................. 119
STEMMINGSSTABILISATOREN ............................................................................................................. 119
SUÏCIDE - ZELFDODING ...................................................................................................................... 120
4. SUÏCIDALITEIT .......................................................................................................................... 120
MYTHES ........................................................................................................................................ 120
EUTHANASIE (‘EU QANATOS’ – GOED STERVEN) ..................................................................................... 120
HOOFDSTUK 13: ANGSTSTOORNISSEN......................................................................................................... 121
1. ANGST ................................................................................................................................... 121
DEFINITIE ....................................................................................................................................... 121
FYSIOLOGISCHE AROUSAL .................................................................................................................. 121
FUNCTIE ........................................................................................................................................ 121
ONTWIKKELING ............................................................................................................................... 121
EVOLUTIE IN ANGSTEN ...................................................................................................................... 122
PUBERTEIT: HEROPFLAKKERING VAN DE ANGSTEN ................................................................................... 122
2. EVOLUTIE................................................................................................................................ 122
3. ANGSTSTOORNISSEN ................................................................................................................. 122
SOORTEN ....................................................................................................................................... 122
PANIEKSTOORNIS: DEFINITIE .............................................................................................................. 122
PANIEKAANVALLEN .......................................................................................................................... 123
DEREALISATIE / DEPERSONALISATIE ..................................................................................................... 123
DIFFERENTIAAL DIAGNOSTIEK (BIJ PANIEKSTOORNIS) ............................................................................... 123
COGNITIEF – BIOLOGISCH MODEL (BIJ PANIEKSTOORNIS) .......................................................................... 124
PROGNOSE (BIJ PANIEKSTOORNIS) ....................................................................................................... 124
KENMERKEN EN VOORKOMEN (BIJ SOCIALE ANGSTSTOORNIS) .................................................................... 124
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 124
,ENKELVOUDIGE FOBIE ....................................................................................................................... 125
DIAGNOSTISCHE CRITERIA .................................................................................................................. 125
ONTSTAAN VAN ENKELVOUDIGE FOBIE ................................................................................................. 125
4. GEGENERALISEERDE ANGSTSTOORNIS ............................................................................................ 125
KENMERKEN ................................................................................................................................... 125
DIAGNOSTISCHE CRITERIA .................................................................................................................. 125
DIFFERENTIËLE DIAGNOSE .................................................................................................................. 126
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 126
PROGNOSE..................................................................................................................................... 126
5. OBSESSIEVE COMPULSIEVE STOORNIS ........................................................................................... 126
OBSESSIES EN COMPULSIES (OCD) ...................................................................................................... 126
STOORNIS? (OCD) .......................................................................................................................... 127
DIFFERENTIËLE DIAGNOSE (OCD) ........................................................................................................ 127
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 127
PROGNOSE..................................................................................................................................... 128
HOOFDSTUK 14: SOMATOFORME STOORNISSEN ........................................................................................... 129
WHAT’S IN A NAME? ........................................................................................................................ 129
ALGEMEEN ..................................................................................................................................... 129
HYSTERIE ....................................................................................................................................... 129
1. FUNCTIONEEL NEUROLOGISCHE SYMPTOOMSTOORNIS – CONVERSIE .................................................... 130
KENMERKEN ................................................................................................................................... 130
DIFFERENTIAALDIAGNOSE .................................................................................................................. 130
MOGELIJKE HYPOTHESEN .................................................................................................................. 130
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 130
2. SOMATISCHE SYMPTOOMSTOORNIS .............................................................................................. 131
KENMERKEN ................................................................................................................................... 131
SPECIFICATIE................................................................................................................................... 131
PROGNOSE..................................................................................................................................... 131
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 131
3. NAGEBOOTSTE STOORNIS ........................................................................................................... 132
MUNCHHAUSEN BY PROXY ................................................................................................................ 132
SIMULATIE ..................................................................................................................................... 132
AANPAK ........................................................................................................................................ 132
4. HYPOCHONDRIE (ZIEKTEANGST STOORNIS) ..................................................................................... 132
KENMERKEN ................................................................................................................................... 132
TWEE SUBTYPES .............................................................................................................................. 132
DIFFERENTIAALDIAGNOSE .................................................................................................................. 132
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 133
3. DYSMORFOFOBIE...................................................................................................................... 133
KENMERKEN EN VOORKOMEN ............................................................................................................ 133
DIFFERENTIAALDIAGNOSE .................................................................................................................. 133
BEHANDELING ................................................................................................................................ 133
4. GENDERDYSFORIE ..................................................................................................................... 134
, KENMERKEN ................................................................................................................................... 134
5. CHRONISCH VERMOEIDHEIDSSYNDROOM ....................................................................................... 134
KENMERKEN ................................................................................................................................... 134
CHRONISCH VERMOEIDHEIDSSYNDROOM .............................................................................................. 134
HOOFDSTUK 15: PSYCHOTISCHE STOORNISSEN ............................................................................................. 135
1. FENOMENOLOGIE ..................................................................................................................... 135
SYMPTOOM CLUSTERS ...................................................................................................................... 135
A) POSITIEVE SYMPTOMEN ............................................................................................................. 135
B) NEGATIEVE SYMPTOMEN ............................................................................................................ 135
C) COGNITIEVE SYMPTOMEN ........................................................................................................... 135
D) AFFECTIEVE SYMPTOMEN ........................................................................................................... 135
WANEN......................................................................................................................................... 135
HALLUCINATIES ............................................................................................................................... 136
DISSOCIATIE ................................................................................................................................... 136
2. DSM-5 (DIAGNOSTIEK) ............................................................................................................. 136
VERSCHILLENDE DSM-DIAGNOSES BIJ PSYCHOSE .................................................................................... 136
ALTERNATIEF I.P.V. DE 13 VERSCHILLENDE DIAGNOSES ............................................................................. 137
IN DE PRAKTIJK? .............................................................................................................................. 137
METEN.......................................................................................................................................... 137
3. ETIOLOGIE (ONTSTAAN) ............................................................................................................. 138
MULTICAUSAAL............................................................................................................................... 138
CANNABIS ...................................................................................................................................... 138
DOPAMINEHYPOTHESE ..................................................................................................................... 138
4. PREVALENTIE ........................................................................................................................... 138
VROUWEN EN PSYCHOSES.................................................................................................................. 138
MANNEN EN PSYCHOSES ................................................................................................................... 139
5. BEHANDELING.......................................................................................................................... 139
MEDICATIE..................................................................................................................................... 139
BIJWERKINGEN................................................................................................................................ 139
MEDICATIE..................................................................................................................................... 139
HOOFDSTUK 16: INLEIDING TD FACTOREN ................................................................................................... 140
1. INLEIDING ............................................................................................................................... 140
DSM-GEORIËNTEERD PERSPECTIEF ...................................................................................................... 140
TD PERSPECTIEF .............................................................................................................................. 140
GELIJKTIJDIGE COMORBIDITEIT ............................................................................................................ 141
SEQUENTIËLE COMORBIDITEIT ............................................................................................................ 141
TD PERSPECTIEF .............................................................................................................................. 141
2. TWEE ALGEMENE TD-MODELLEN.................................................................................................. 142
BROWN EN BARLOW ........................................................................................................................ 142
RDOC-SYSTEEM (NIMH) ................................................................................................................. 143
BESCHRIJVING VAN HET RDOC-SYSTEEM .............................................................................................. 144
VIJF GROTE DOMEINEN ..................................................................................................................... 144
ACHT ANALYSENIVEAUS .................................................................................................................... 144
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