Conductive Keratoplasty. What is that?! Does it use a laser or blade?? - correct answer Neither laser nor blade... It uses radiofrequency energy.
Corrects Hyperopia by shrinking midperpheral stromal collagen.
Results last only a few years but surgery is repeatable.
Laser Thermal Keratoplasty...
NBEO Part 1 exam 2024 with 100% correct ans wers
Conductive Keratoplasty. What is that?! Does it use a laser or blade?? - correct answer Neither laser nor blade... It uses radiofrequency energy.
Corrects Hyperopia by shrinking midperpheral stromal collagen.
Results last only a few years but surgery is repeatable.
Laser Thermal Keratoplasty. What is that? Does it use a blade or radiofrequencies? - correct answer It uses a laser actually.
Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) is also a surgery that is targeted towards presbyopes with low amounts of hyperopia and astigmatism. This procedure utilizes a holmium laser to cause shrinkage of the peripheral corneal collagen, resulting in corneal steepening. Again, LTK is temporary and will generally revert in roughly two to three years.
Starting at the pinna (outer ear), how is sound processed into a neural signal? - correct answer Sound is
funneled by the pinna (the outer ear) into the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane. Vibration of this membrane transfers the sound energy to the malleus (or the hammer) which then passes it to the incus (anvil) and on to the stapes (stirrup). The energy is transmitted to the oval window, which is considerably smaller than the tympanic membrane, causing amplification of the original sound vibrations. The oval window conveys the sound to the cochlea, a fluid-filled, snail-shaped apparatus consisting of the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani, which surround the central cochlear duct. It is within the cochlear duct that the magic happens. The floor of the cochlear duct houses the basilar membrane, which serves as a bed for the organ of Corti. Hair cells of the organ of Corti protrude upwards onto a membrane called the tectorial membrane. Sound waves cause the fluid in the cochlea to
move, which vibrates the basilar membrane. This vibration in turn pushes the hair cells against the tectorial membrane, causing the hair cells to bend. The bent hair cells release a neurotransmitter, resulting in action potentials of the auditory nerve. Pressure waves travel through the cochlea and are released to the round window, which helps to release some pressure caused by the force of the sound waves.
How do you convert degrees to diopters for prisms? - correct answer 1 degree = 1.75 prism diopters Where are T lymphocytes produced? - correct answer Produced in Bone Marrow. They mature in the the thymus.
Lattice Dystrophy? - correct answer Amyloid deposits. Most common stromal dystrophy (according to the internets).
Type 1 is AD
Type 2 is AD and assoc with systemic amyloidosis
Type 3 is AR and presents late in life
What is the most common Stromal Dystrophy? - correct answer KMK says Granular
The Internets say Lattice
Some kid you see has a red spot on their forehead. You make fun of him and he cries which makes it turn even redder. You press hard on the red spot and it blanches. What is this red spot!? - correct answer Capillary Hemangioma
Benign
Blanches on pressure
Reddens during valsalva manuver
Usually resolves as the kid grows
Granular Dystrophy - correct answer AD
1st decade onset
eosinophilic hyaline deposit in anterior stroma
Clear limbal zone
Macular Dystrophy - correct answer AR
1st decade onset
mucopolysaccharide deposits
Extends to limbus Worst of the 3 stromal dystrophies. Low vision by age 20-30.
Fleck Dystrophy - correct answer AD
1st decade onset
Comma shaped GAG deposits
Microcysts - correct answer 15-50 microns in diameter
Caused by hypoxia (low dK SCL worn for 2 months)
Asymptomatic and transient
Midget Bipolar cells - correct answer Receive signal from ONE cone and relay to ONE midget ganglion cell. Found in central retina (fovea)
Pseudo Von Graefe's sign - correct answer occurs due to aberrant regeneration of cranial nerve III. After incurring an insult (paralysis), upon recovery, instead of innervating the levator palpebrae superioris, fibers now connect to the medial rectus. Therefore, when one adducts the eye on the same side of the palsy, the ptosis is not evident. In straight-ahead gaze a ptosis is present on the same side of the palsy. Von Graefe's sign occurs in Grave's disease (thyroid dysfunction). This term refers to the inability of the eyelid to move down when the globe is directed in a down gaze. It is often described as a lagging of the upper eyelid-not because it sags but because it lags behind movement-wise. The greater the down gaze, the greater the bearing of the sclera. Von Graefe's results from excessive innervation of the sympathetic system causing upper lid retraction via Muller's muscle.
Hyaluronic Acid is a heteropolysaccharide. What 2 sugars are the repeating units? - correct answer Glucuronic acid
N-acetyl glucosamine
What does the pineal gland secrete and what is the function of this secretion? - correct answer Melatonin
Circadian Rhythm An imaginary line that joins the center of curvature of each side of a lens is called what? - correct answer Optical Axis
Give an example of 2 common amine hormones. Are amine hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic? - correct answer Epi and NorEpi
They are hydrophilic and cannot enter cells like the lipophilic steroid hormones can. Bind to cell membranes and activate a 2nd messenger.
Tay Sachs Disease - correct answer AR
CHERRY RED SPOT on macula
Macular Adherens - correct answer aka "Desmosomes" A spot weld giving concentrated support at a single point between cells
Zonula Adherens - correct answer Belt like junction between cells. Wraps around like zonula occludens (tight junctions) except there is a small gap where tonofilaments act as ropes pulling the cells together
Zonula Occludens - correct answer aka "Tight Junction"
Tight barrier which wraps around the cell and blocks passage of material between cells. Plays a role in maintaining BAB and BBB.
Gap Junctions - correct answer Electrical channels between cells where ions flow through.
Allows rapid communication allowing for passage of an electrical signal. Plays a role in cardiac and nervous tissue conductance.
Hemidesmosome - correct answer Connects basal cell to their BM.
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