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Samenvatting - Biologisch Psychologie II Kris Baetens
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Damla Akgöl 2022-2023Biologische Psychologie II
,Damla Akgöl 2022-2023
Inhoudstafel
Praktische Info..................................................................................................................5
Inleiding ...........................................................................................................................5
Situering van de cursus ............................................................................................................ 5
Netwerkstructuren .................................................................................................................. 5
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................. 7
Zicht (ch6) ........................................................................................................................9
Het Oog ................................................................................................................................... 9
De stimulus: licht ............................................................................................................................................9
Anatomie van het oog ..................................................................................................................................10
De retina .......................................................................................................................................................11
Centraal en perifeer zicht .............................................................................................................................15
Hersenregio’s betrokken bij visuele processen ........................................................................ 16
Overzicht van het visuele circuit ..................................................................................................................17
LGN ...............................................................................................................................................................18
Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................................18
Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................................18
Kleurperceptie ....................................................................................................................... 19
Ganglioncellen: licht & donker .....................................................................................................................19
Rol van de retina ...........................................................................................................................................20
Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................................22
Cortex extrastriata (visuele associatiecortex) ..............................................................................................23
Vormperceptie....................................................................................................................... 24
Spatiale frequentie .......................................................................................................................................24
Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................................25
Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................................26
Perceptie van spatiale locatie ................................................................................................. 28
Rol van de retina ...........................................................................................................................................28
Cortex striata (primaire visuele cortex) ........................................................................................................28
Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................................28
Perceptie van oriëntatie en beweging..................................................................................... 29
Cortex striata ................................................................................................................................................29
Cortex extrastriata ........................................................................................................................................29
Gehoor, evenwicht, tast, smaak & geur ...........................................................................30
Gehoor .................................................................................................................................. 30
De stimulus: geluid .......................................................................................................................................30
Anatomie van het oor ...................................................................................................................................30
Haarcellen & transductie ..............................................................................................................................31
Het auditieve circuit .....................................................................................................................................32
Toonhoogte ..................................................................................................................................................33
Volume..........................................................................................................................................................33
Timbre (boventonen)....................................................................................................................................34
Spatiale locatie .............................................................................................................................................34
Complexe geluiden .......................................................................................................................................35
Evenwicht .............................................................................................................................. 35
Anatomie van het vestibulaire systeem .......................................................................................................35
Het vestibulaire circuit..................................................................................................................................36
,Damla Akgöl 2022-2023
Voelen ................................................................................................................................... 37
De stimuli ......................................................................................................................................................37
Anatomie van de huid ..................................................................................................................................37
Stimulatie van de huid ..................................................................................................................................39
Het somatosensorische circuit .....................................................................................................................39
Pijn ................................................................................................................................................................40
Smaak ................................................................................................................................... 42
De stimuli ......................................................................................................................................................42
Anatomie van de smaakpapillen en smaakcellen ........................................................................................42
Smaakperceptie ............................................................................................................................................43
Het smaakcircuit ...........................................................................................................................................43
Geur ...................................................................................................................................... 44
De stimulus ...................................................................................................................................................44
Anatomie van het olfactieve apparaat .........................................................................................................44
Transductie ...................................................................................................................................................45
Perceptie van geuren....................................................................................................................................46
Motoriek ........................................................................................................................46
Skeletspieren ......................................................................................................................... 46
Anatomie ......................................................................................................................................................46
Contractie .....................................................................................................................................................46
Sensorische ...................................................................................................................................................47
Motoriek & het ruggenmerg ................................................................................................... 47
Monosynaptische stretchreflex ....................................................................................................................47
Polysynaptische reflexen ..............................................................................................................................47
Motoriek en het brein ............................................................................................................ 48
Dalende banen (van brein naar rest van het lichaam) .................................................................................48
Corticale structuren ......................................................................................................................................48
De motorische associatiecortex ...................................................................................................................49
Subcorticale structuren ................................................................................................................................50
Complexe motoriek................................................................................................................ 53
Spiegelneuronen ...........................................................................................................................................53
Corollary discharge .......................................................................................................................................54
Slaap en biologische ritmes .............................................................................................55
Wat is slaap? ......................................................................................................................... 55
Slaapstadia ....................................................................................................................................................55
Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap ..................................................................................................................57
Waarom slapen we? .............................................................................................................. 58
Functies van SWS-slaap ................................................................................................................................58
Functies van REM-slaap ................................................................................................................................60
Slaap en leren ...............................................................................................................................................60
Fysiologische slaap-/waakmechanismes ................................................................................. 61
Neurale controle van slaap ...........................................................................................................................61
Neurale controle van waakzaamheid ...........................................................................................................61
Neurale controle van slaap/waak overgangen.............................................................................................63
Neurale controle van REM-transitie .............................................................................................................64
Slaapstoornissen .................................................................................................................... 65
Insomnie .......................................................................................................................................................65
Narcolepsie ...................................................................................................................................................65
REM-slaap gedragsstoornis ..........................................................................................................................66
,Damla Akgöl 2022-2023
SWS problemen ............................................................................................................................................66
Biologische klokken ............................................................................................................... 67
Circadiaanse ritmes ......................................................................................................................................67
Nucleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN) ................................................................................................................67
Pijnappelklier en melatonine........................................................................................................................68
Shiften & jet lag ............................................................................................................................................68
Stress .............................................................................................................................69
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................ 69
De stress-respons .........................................................................................................................................69
Fysiologie .............................................................................................................................. 69
De stress-respons .........................................................................................................................................69
Stress en evolutie................................................................................................................... 70
Parallellen tussen soorten ............................................................................................................................70
Trade-offs .....................................................................................................................................................71
Stress en vroege ervaringen .........................................................................................................................71
Prenatale stress en zorg ......................................................................................................... 72
Prenatale stress ............................................................................................................................................72
De rol van zorg ..............................................................................................................................................72
Impact op hippocampus ...............................................................................................................................72
Stress, de mens en psychopathologie ..................................................................................... 73
Adaptiviteit van de stressrespons…..............................................................................................................73
Invloeden op mentale stress ........................................................................................................................73
Psychopathologie .........................................................................................................................................73
Adaptiviteit revisited ....................................................................................................................................73
LT gezondheidseffecten................................................................................................................................74
Psycho-neuro-immunologie .........................................................................................................................74
,Damla Akgöl 2022-2023
Praktische Info
Examen = multiple choice + hoog cesuur
→ 4 keuze
→ 13/20 = geslaagd, 10/20
Inleiding
Situering van de cursus
Biologische psychologie I (voorkennis):
→ Evolutie en gedragsgenetica: overerfbaar DNA < fysieke structuren < gedrag
vb. heratibiliteit IQ geschat op 50%
→ Micro- en macrostructuur van het zenuwstelsel
→ Belangrijkste onderzoeksmethoden
Biologische psychologie II: functies
→ Inzoomen op processen in specifieke deelstructuren
→ Zintuigen, motoriek, slaap en biologische ritmes, leren en geheugen, stress
→ Uitermate breed en gespecialiseerd vakgebied; work in progress
Helikopterzicht van belangrijkste functies
→ Belang van netwerkstructuren
Netwerkstructuren
→ Voorbeelden:
Convergentie: maakt een optelsom van de 3 (gelijkaardige) activiteiten
bv. allemaal bezig rond het zicht
→ kan heel groot zijn (100 neuronen naar 1 neuron projecteren) of klein
Situatie 2 ≠ convergentie, het is niet zo dat in laag B er minder moet doen dan in laag A
Divergentie: geeft zelfde signaal door aan verschillende neuronen (maar de impact ervan verschilt
wel)
, Damla Akgöl 2022-2023
→ feedback systeem
Neuron C wordt net als B geexciteerd door A, maar C
heeft een inhbitoire invloed op A. dwz als C vuurt,
neemt de kans af dat A nog eens gaat vuren.
Nut: signaal komt ± gelijktijdig aan B & C. Indien A voor
het 2de vuring minder duidelijk signaal stuurt dan zal
die ‘stil gezet’ worden.
→ feedforward systeem
Neuron C wordt net als B geexciteerd door A, maar C
heeft een inhbitoire invloed op B. dwz als C vuurt, gaat
B sneller komen tot een rust potentiaal en moet A dus
weer sterker vuren.
Nut: signaal komt sneller bij B. Indien A voor het 2de
vuring minder duidelijk signaal stuurt dan zal die ‘stil
gezet’ worden.
→ scherpe en doffe pijn
Neuron A is zelfde concept als hierboven, maar nu is er
een neuron D in het verhaal. D inhibeert C om een
sneller/scherper signaal te kunnen doorsturen naar B.
bv. met hamer kloppen op je duim (scherp snel pijn)
Doffe pijn door acute pijn stil leggen.
→ laterale inhibitie
Neuron C heeft (buiten het connectie met D) een
inhibitoire connectie met neuron A en E. dwz wanneer
C sterk gaat vuren gaat het D exciteren, maar ook de
kans verkleinen dat A en E de volgende neuronen gaan
exciteren.
Bv. je prikt in je handpalm en kan exact zeggen waar je
geprikt worden omdat de andere tastzintuigen in je
palm (A en E) geinhibeert worden. En gaat C zijn
diegene dat het hardst vuurt.
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