Summary

Samenvatting Statistiek voor humane wetenschappen

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Course
Statistiek voor humane wetenschappen (F0FG1A)

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Statistiek voor humane wetenschappen. Het bevat alle theorie uit de lessen (slides) en de cursus van Dirk Speelman. Geslaagd - eerste zit

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Uploaded on December 29, 2023
Number of pages 99
Written in 2022/2023
Type Summary

statistiek
rstudio

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Taal- en letterkunde
Course
Statistiek voor humane wetenschappen (F0FG1A)

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Samenvatting Statistiek voor humane wetenschappen & lijst statistische codes

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1. Summary - Lijst statistische codes statistiek voor humane wetenschappen
2. Summary - Samenvatting statistiek voor humane wetenschappen
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STATISTIEK VOOR HUMANE WETENSCHAPPEN
Inhoud
Doel en inhoud.................................................................................................................... 5
Inleiding........................................................................................................................... 6
Inhoud en opbouw........................................................................................................ 6
Examen........................................................................................................................ 6
Hoofdstuk 1: Eerste verkenning van de datasets................................................................7
Structuur van data........................................................................................................... 7
Archeologische dataset: oxford-pots................................................................................7
Ecologische dataset: pollution.........................................................................................8
Meetniveaus (levels of measurement)...........................................................................10
Conventies voor aanmaak............................................................................................. 11
Tekstbestanden............................................................................................................. 11
Toepassing.................................................................................................................... 11
Video 1....................................................................................................................... 11
Video 2....................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 2: Eerste verkenning van de software (RStudio)..............................................14
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 14
Openen van bestand C02-session.R in RStudio..........................................................14
Over bestanden zoals C02-session.R..........................................................................14
Instellen van working directory......................................................................................14
Uitvoeren R-instructies............................................................................................... 15
Laden van packages...................................................................................................... 15
Beschikbaar maken van een package........................................................................15
Packages gebruikt in de sessie C02-session.R............................................................16
Meldingen die je krijgt bij activeren van tidyverse packages......................................16
Importeren data............................................................................................................. 16
Importeren van een tvs-bestand.................................................................................16
Inspecteren van dataset student.cvs (of student.txt).................................................16
Importeren van dataset students.csv.........................................................................17
Opvragen van documentatie......................................................................................18
Inspecteren van een object........................................................................................18
Inspecteren van eigenschappen van data frame........................................................19
Aanpassen van data frames.......................................................................................... 19
Nieuwe kolommen maken.......................................................................................... 19
Inspectie resultaat met frequentietabel......................................................................20
Inspectie resultaat met staafdiagram.........................................................................21
Inspectie structuur van object met str().....................................................................21

1

, Omzetting van character data naar factor..................................................................21
Veranderen van volgorde van levels met fct_relevel()................................................22
Verwijderen van een kolom met select ()...................................................................22
Hernoemen van levels met fct_recode().....................................................................23
Levels samenklappen met fct_recode()......................................................................23
Liever factor dan numerische codes voor categoriale variabelen...............................23
Liever logical variable dan numerische codes voor ja-nee-variabelen........................24
Verwijderen van verschillende kolommen met select()..............................................25
Aanmaken van vectoren met c()................................................................................25
Bewaren van data frame als tsv-bestand...................................................................25
Sorteren van een data frame met arrange()...............................................................26
Grafieken....................................................................................................................... 27
Spreidingsdiagram van languages tegenover statistics..............................................27
Staafdiagram voor math............................................................................................. 28
Staafdiagram voor sex................................................................................................ 28
Samenvatting................................................................................................................ 28
R afsluiten...................................................................................................................... 29
Hoofdstuk 3: Beschrijvende statistieken...........................................................................30
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 30
Centraliteit..................................................................................................................... 30
Modus (mode)............................................................................................................. 31
Gemiddelde (mean).................................................................................................... 32
Mediaan (median)....................................................................................................... 33
Spreiding....................................................................................................................... 34
Bereik (range)............................................................................................................. 35
Variantie (variance).................................................................................................... 35
Standaarddeviatie (standard deviation).....................................................................35
Variatiecoëfficiënt (coefficient of variation)................................................................36
Interkwartielbereik (interquartile range).....................................................................36
Vorm.............................................................................................................................. 36
Correlatie....................................................................................................................... 36
Covariantie (covariance)............................................................................................. 36
Correlatie (correlation)............................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 4: Datavisualisatie........................................................................................... 39
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 39
Staafdiagram (bar plot)................................................................................................. 39
Histogram...................................................................................................................... 39
Cumulatieve frequentiegrafiek......................................................................................41
Boxplot.......................................................................................................................... 41
Smooth lines scatter plot............................................................................................... 42

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,Hoofdstuk 5: Kansverdelingen.......................................................................................... 43
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 43
Stochastisch experiment............................................................................................... 43
Kans (probability).......................................................................................................... 44
Kanswetten................................................................................................................. 46
Regel van Bayes (gestratificeerde data):....................................................................47
Kansverdeling (probability distribution).........................................................................48
Dichtheidsfunctie........................................................................................................ 48
Verdelingsfunctie........................................................................................................ 49
Kwantielfunctie........................................................................................................... 50
Populatieparameters.................................................................................................. 51
Modellen........................................................................................................................ 53
Binaire verdeling........................................................................................................ 53
Binomiale verdeling.................................................................................................... 55
Poissonverdeling......................................................................................................... 56
Exponentiële verdeling............................................................................................... 57
Normale verdeling...................................................................................................... 58
Andere verdelingen.................................................................................................... 60
Centrale limietstelling (CLT).......................................................................................... 60
Hoofdstuk 6: Normaliteitstoetsen.....................................................................................62
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 62
Normaal kwantieldiagram.............................................................................................. 62
Shapiro-Wilktoets........................................................................................................... 66
Lilliefors-toets................................................................................................................ 66
Hoofdstuk 7: Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen.......................................................................68
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 68
Met t-verdeling.............................................................................................................. 69
Met z-verdeling.............................................................................................................. 70
Voor proportie................................................................................................................ 70
Voor proportie, met t-verdeling..................................................................................71
Vereisten n voor bepaalde ε.......................................................................................... 71
Parameters σ en p invullen?.......................................................................................71
Hoofdstuk 8: Toetsen van hypotheses..............................................................................73
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 73
Tweezijdige t-toets........................................................................................................ 73
Een ‘wat als’-redenering............................................................................................. 74
Eenzijdige t-toets........................................................................................................... 76
Eenzijdige t-toets, rechterstaart.................................................................................76
Eenzijdige t-toets, linkerstaart....................................................................................77
Eenzijdige versus tweezijdige t-toetsen......................................................................78

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, CI................................................................................................................................... 78
De z-toets...................................................................................................................... 78
Stappen bij inferentiële toetsen.....................................................................................79
Kwaliteitsmaten............................................................................................................. 79
Effectgrootte.................................................................................................................. 80
Niet-parametrische toetsen........................................................................................... 81
Hoofdstuk 9: Toetsen in de praktijk..................................................................................82
Inleiding......................................................................................................................... 82
Centraliteit..................................................................................................................... 82
t-toets voor gemiddelde voor één groep....................................................................82
Rangtekentoets van Wilcoxon voor één groep...........................................................84
t-toets voor gemiddelde voor twee gepaarde groepen...............................................85
Rangtekentoets van Wilcoxon voor twee gepaarde groepen......................................87
Rangtekentoets van Wicoxon voor één groep............................................................87
t-toets voor gemiddelde voor twee onafhankelijke groepen.......................................87
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxontoets voor twee onafhankelijke groepen...............................88
Frequentietabellen......................................................................................................... 89
Toetsen voor frequentietabellen.................................................................................89
Toetsen voor proporties................................................................................................. 96
t-toets voor een proportie........................................................................................... 96
Binominiale toets voor een proportie..........................................................................96
Toetsen voor correlatie.................................................................................................. 97
Pearson-correlatietoets............................................................................................... 97
Spearman-correlatietoets........................................................................................... 98

4

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