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Summary Marine Ecology - VUB

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Summary of all lectures of the course Marine Ecology, given by professors Kochzius and Van de Putte at the VUB/ULB.

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  • December 29, 2023
  • 69
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
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MARINE ECOLOGY

OCEANOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND TECHNOLOGY

MARINE RESEARCH

• Marine biology = biological oceanography
→ = scientific study of organisms that live in the sea
 Marine biology: organisms close to shore or perspective of the organisms
 Biological oceanography: organisms of the open ocean or perspective of the ocean
• Oceanography (should be rather named Oceanology)
 Biological oceanography (marine biology)
 Geological oceanography
 Physical oceanography
 Chemical oceanography
• Marine research is interdisciplinary
• So, little difference between marine biology and oceanography
 Oceanography is better: science of ocean, not just biology

THE WORLD OCEAN




• 4 major ocean basins + Southern or Antarctic Ocean
 Indian Ocean
 Pacific Ocean
 Atlantic Ocean
 Arctic Ocean
• Earth’s surface
 Land: 29.2%
 Ocean: 70.8%
• Relative ocean size
 Pacific: 50.1%
 Atlantic: 26.0%
 Indian: 20.5%
 Arctic: 3.4%
• Average Ocean depth: figure
 Pacific: deepest
 Arctic Ocean fluctuates the most
• Comparing Oceans to land
 Mariana = deepest point of the ocean
 Average: 3,729m
 Average on land: 840m



• Major ocean basins are extensions of the interconnected world ocean
 4 basins come together in Southern Ocean
 So they are all connected

1

,MARINE RESEARCH: HISTORY

Phoenicians

• Lived in Syria, Libanon, Palestina…
• 2000 B.C.
 But moved to Mediterranean Sea
 Red Sea
 Indian Ocean
 British Isles
• Circumnavigation of Africa: 590 B.C.

Greeks

• Herodotus: made a map of the known world in 450 B.C.
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): 1st marine biologist: description of marine
life
 “gills of fish are breathing appartatus”
• Pytheas (geographer): sailed to northern Atlantic around 325 B.C.
• Eratosthenes (276-192 B.C.) calculated the Earth’s
circumference: 40,000 km → close to real
 A well in Aswan (Egypt) → light shines in well → 7.2° angel
measurement

Romans

• Claudius Ptolemy: map of the known world in 150 A.D.

Vikings

• First Europeans to reach N-America
• Viking colonies in Iceland and Greenland
 Greenland: agriculture then still possible
 Iceland: completely occupied so it became unattractive to other people to go there

European age of discoveries (1492-1522)

• Cabot: 1 ship and 20 men
• Columbus: 3 ships and 88 men
• Magellan: 5 ships and 280 men
 Travelled around the world in 3y

Chinese voyages of the Ming Dynasty

• 7 voyages from 1405-1433 with up to 317 ships and 37,000 men
• So lot more then EU
• Did not colonize <-> Europeans

James Cook

• First scientific explorations
 Cartography
 Natural history
 Measurements of water T, currents, wind, and depth
• 18th century
• Killed in 1779 in Hawaii




2

,Benjamin Franklin’s chart of the Gulf Stream (1769)

• From America
• First one to describe the Gulf Stream to explain the climate differences
between Europe and America
 Went to England: fast
 Went back to America: slower
 So Gulf Stream towards England

HMS Challenger: first oceanographic expedition (1872-1872)

• 127,500 km voyage
• 492 deep-sea soundings: to have an idea how deep the sea is
• Deepest sounding: 8183 m
• 133 bottom dredges
• 151 open water trawls
• 263 water T measurements
• Water samples from 1830 m depth
• 4717 new species

Belgica: first scientific expedition to Antarctica (1897-1899)

• First overwintering in Antarctica (because they were stuck in ice)
• Ice-drift for 12 months from March 1898 to March 1899: 3,600km
• Adrien de Gerlache (Belgium)
• Roald Amundsen (Norway)

World War I

• German development of U-boat submarines in World War I
• Invention of echo sounder (sonar: sound navigation and ranging)
 German wanted to detect the Allies
 Sounds reflects on sea floor → calculate depth
 Modern sonar: creating “images” of how sea floor looks

Meteor expedition (1925-1927)

• Multidisciplinary study on topography, currents, and chemistry of the South Atlantic
• 2 sonars for echo sounding
• 25 month voyage
• 310 sampling stations

The submersible Bathyspere

• Dive to 923 m off Bermuda in 1934
• First deep dive

Auguste Piccard (1884-1962)

• From Switzerland
• Professor for physics at ULB in 1922
• 1930’s: balloon-flights up to 23,000 m (atmosfphere) (world record)
• 1953: dive with submersible Trieste to 3,150 m (world record)
• His son Jaques Piccard & Don Walsh (US Navy): dive to 10,912 m in the Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench in 60’s

MARINE RESEARCH: MODERN TECHNOLOGY

• The Alvin (1964): 4,000 m deep
 Discovery of black smokers: organisms feed by nutrient from earth crust
 RMS Titanic
• SCUBA diving (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
• Van Veen grab
• Trawl net → trawl net catch: identification, sorting, and measurement (length and weight)


3

, • Beam trawl
• Bongo net: plankton (2 nets → 2 replicates)

Coastal Zone Colous Scanner (CZCS) on the Nimbus-7 satellite

• Phytoplankton pigment concentration (figure)
 Global map
 High productivity around coasts
 Low productivity in open ocean desserts

Satellite: measuring the sea floor

• Submarine mountains
• Ocean surface is theoretically flat, but anomaly due to
mountains → figure

➔ Bathymetry
 The study of beds or floors of water bodies
 More detailed using satellite data than ship bathymetry

OCEANOGRAPHY: THE SEA FLOOR

Green = mid-ocean ridges

➔ Eg. in Iceland → hotspot of volcanic activity

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

• By Alfred Wegener (German geophysicist) in 1912
• All continents were joint to the supercontinent Pangea 180-200 mya
• One large Ocean called Panthalassa and smaller Tethys Sea




Geological evidence for continental drift

• Appalachian Mountains
• Caledonian Mountains
• Atlas
• Mesosaurus

THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS → EVIDENCE FOR CONTINENTAL DRIFT

• Developed in the 1950s and 1960s
• Detailed bathymetry of the ocean floor → discovery of mid-ocean ridges → first hint that plate tectonics exist




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