Summary
Samenvatting Argumentatieleer
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Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Argumentatieleer (). De samenvatting bevat heel de cursus, aangevuld met mijn eigen notities uit de les. Geslaagd - eerste zit
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ARGUMENTATIELEERInhoud
INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................. 4
HOOFDSTUK 1: BASISBEGRIPPEN....................................................................5
WAT IS ARGUMENTATIE?........................................................................................................ 5
Enkele voorbeelden...................................................................................................... 5
Kenmerken................................................................................................................... 6
Evaluatie van argumentaties........................................................................................ 7
ARGUMENTEREN ALS TAALHANDELING/SPEECH ACT......................................................................8
Basiscomponenten van de taalhandeling.....................................................................8
Geslaagdheidsvoorwaarden (felicity conditions)..........................................................9
Typologie van taalhandelingen....................................................................................9
Soorten taalhandelingen in gegevens en standpunt..................................................11
De argumentatie als complexe taalhandeling............................................................11
OVERTUIGEN M.B.V. ETHOS, PATHOS EN LOGOS......................................................................12
Ethos.......................................................................................................................... 12
Pathos........................................................................................................................ 13
Logos.......................................................................................................................... 13
Structuur van de cursus............................................................................................. 13
ARGUMENTATIELEER VS LOGICA............................................................................................. 13
ARGUMENTEREN VS REDENEREN............................................................................................ 14
ARGUMENTEREN VS VERKLAREN............................................................................................ 15
Verklaring vs uitleg.................................................................................................... 15
Soorten verklaringen..................................................................................................16
Verklaren vs argumenteren........................................................................................18
Verklaren vs begrijpen...............................................................................................18
HOOFDSTUK 2: INDICATOREN EN STRUCTUREN..............................................20
ARGUMENTATIEVE INDICATOREN............................................................................................ 20
Verklarende indicatoren versus argumentatieve indicatoren.....................................20
Indicatoren van argument/gegevens vs conclusie/standpunt.....................................20
ARGUMENTATIESTRUCTUREN................................................................................................. 22
Nevenschikkende vs meervoudige argumentatiestructuur........................................22
Argumentatiestructuur met substandpunten en/of tegenargumenten.......................23
HOOFDSTUK 3: HET CATEGORISCH SYLLOGISME.............................................25
BASISBEGRIPPEN PREDICAATLOGICA.......................................................................................25
Het Aristotelisch vierkant........................................................................................... 25
Categorische uitspraken............................................................................................. 27
Venn-diagrammen voor Categorische uitspraken.......................................................28
Conversie................................................................................................................... 30
Obversie..................................................................................................................... 31
HET CATEGORISCH SYLLOGISME............................................................................................ 32
Het basispatroon........................................................................................................ 32
Venn-diagrammen voor het Categorisch syllogisme..................................................33
Redeneerfouten.......................................................................................................... 35
HET QUASI-CATEGORISCH SYLLOGISME...................................................................................35
De twee basispatronen............................................................................................... 35
Venn-diagrammen voor het Quasi-categorisch Syllogisme.........................................36
Redeneerfouten.......................................................................................................... 37
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,HOOFDSTUK 4: HET PROPOSITIONEEL SYLLOGISME........................................39
BASISBEGRIPPEN PROPOSITIELOGICA.......................................................................................39
Waarheidstafels voor negatie, conjunctie en disjunctie..............................................39
Materiële implicatie en equivalentie...........................................................................40
De wet van de Contrapositie......................................................................................41
Van geldige redenering naar tautologie.....................................................................42
MODUS PONENS................................................................................................................ 43
MODUS TOLLENS EN REDUCTIO AB ABSURDUM........................................................................43
Modus Tollens............................................................................................................ 43
Reductio ad absurdum (bewijs uit het ongerijmde)....................................................44
HET HYPOTHETISCH EN DISJUNCTIEF SYLLOGISME......................................................................45
Het hypothetisch syllogisme......................................................................................45
Het disjunctief syllogisme...........................................................................................46
REDENEERFOUTEN.............................................................................................................. 46
HOOFDSTUK 5: REDENEREN MET LOGISCHE OPERATOREN IN NATUURLIJKE TAAL
................................................................................................................... 49
CONTRADICTIE................................................................................................................... 49
TRANSITIVITEIT................................................................................................................... 49
“EN” VERSUS CONJUCTIE..................................................................................................... 49
“OF” VERSUS DISJUNCTIE..................................................................................................... 50
“ALS…DAN” VERSUS MATERIËLE IMPLICATIE............................................................................51
HOOFDSTUK 6: DEDUCTIE, INDUCTIE EN ABDUCTIE.........................................55
DEDUCTIE......................................................................................................................... 55
INDUCTIE.......................................................................................................................... 57
ABDUCTIE......................................................................................................................... 57
HOOFDSTUK 7: ENTHYNEEM, EPICHEIREEM EN MODEL VAN TOULMIN..............61
HET ENTHYMEEM: DEDUCTIE MET ONTBREKENDE PREMISSEN.......................................................61
PROBLEMEN MET ONTBREKENDE PREMISSEN.............................................................................62
HET EPICHEIREEM: DEDUCTIE EN ONDERSTEUNENDE PREMISSEN...................................................63
HET MODEL VAN TOULMIN.................................................................................................... 64
HOOFDSTUK 8: ARGUMENTATIE DOOR ASSOCIATIE: OPEENVOLGING EN CO-
EXISTENTIE.................................................................................................. 67
ARGUMENTATIE O.B.V. OPEENVOLGINGSRELATIES (“NA ELKAAR”).................................................68
Causaliteit (“objectief”)..............................................................................................68
Evaluatie (“subjectief”)..............................................................................................68
ARGUMENTATIE O.B.V. CO-EXISTENTIERELATIES (“TEGELIJK”)......................................................69
Persoon-gedrag.......................................................................................................... 70
Persoon-groep............................................................................................................ 70
Wezen-symptoom...................................................................................................... 70
HOOFDSTUK 9: ARGUMENTATIE DOOR ASSOCIATIE: INDUCTIE/ANALOGIE........71
ARGUMENTATIE O.B.V. INDUCTIE/GENERALISATIE.......................................................................71
ARGUMENTATIE O.B.V. ANALOGIE/VERGELIJKING........................................................................71
HOOFDSTUK 10: ARGUMENTATIE DOOR DISSOCIATIE......................................74
HOOFDSTUK 11: DROGREDENEN M.B.T. ZENDER EN ONTVANGER....................75
ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM................................................................................................. 75
ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (BANDWAGON ARGUMENT)..............................................................75
ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM........................................................................................... 76
ARGUMENTUM AD MISERCORDIAM.......................................................................................... 76
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, ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM................................................................................................. 76
HOOFDSTUK 12: DROGREDENEN M.B.T. DE BOODSCHAP.................................78
VERSCHUIVEN VAN DE BEWIJSLAST......................................................................................... 78
STANDPUNT VAN TEGENSTANDER VERTEKENEN (DE STROMAN).....................................................78
ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM............................................................................................ 78
CIRKELREDENERING (PETITIO PRINCIPII/BEGGING THE QUESTION)..................................................79
POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC............................................................................................. 79
ARGUMENTUM AD CONSEQUENTIAM........................................................................................ 79
HELLEND VLAK (SLIPPERY SLOPE) ARGUMENT...........................................................................80
DIVISIO............................................................................................................................ 80
COMPOSITIO / SECUNDUM QUID............................................................................................ 80
OPDRACHTEN.................................................................................................................... 80
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, Introductie
Studiemateriaal:
- Syllabus
Beknopt
Niet voldoende enkel dat te studeren
- Colleges
Structuur:
I. Inleiding
II. Logische argumentatieschema’s
Deductie: theorie empirie
III. Quasi-logische argumentatieschema’s
IV. Ondersteunende argumentatieschema’s
V. Drogredenen
Examen:
Openvragen:
- 1/5 of 1/4: theorievragen (reproductievragen)
- Rest: toepassingsvragen (= analyse van argumentaties)
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