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Detailed description of the mechanisms and processes of amino acids and peptides.
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16.10 - Amino Acids and Peptides15 October 2023 20:09
Learning outcomes:
Proteins, Amino acids: general formula, classification, chemistry, nature and its properties,
influence from nature and the type, bonding between amino acids, modification of amino acids
Metabolism is the sum activity of two processes. Sum total reaction of all biochemical reactions.
Catabolism breaks down large complex molecules. Uses building blocks and provides energy via
anabolic reactions.
Anabolism builds up a large complex molecules. Uses building blocks and energy by catabolic
reactions. Obtained from the nutrients and re use the building blocks already made from the
catabolic reactions to build up a living organism.
Nutrient Groups:
Proteins: amino acids
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides (sugars)
Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins:
Polymers made from up of long chains of amino acids called monomers.
Nature and type are determined from the sequence.
Different types of bonds. Covalent and non-covalent.
Variation of amino acids are determined by the R group , the side chain.
Versatile macromolecules.
Structure is complex & sophisticated molecules.
Serves as a major component of cell and tissue structure. Growth and repair for cells.
Protein functions:
Hormones are proteins like insulin.
Signal Transduction - Proteins that mediate interpretation of cellular signals.
Catalysis- speeds up the reactions for the cells to work.
Structure
- Collagen, hair, crystallins
Transport
- Transport for smaller molecules
- Haemoglogin transports oxygen
Storage
- Myogloblin stores oxygen in muscles
Globular proteins
- Polypeptide chains fold together very tightly in a knot like shape.
Fibrous proteins
- Elongated fibres from these type of cells
- Used for structure in the organisms
- long strands and insoluble in water because of non- polarity from the side chains in the
amino acids.
Conjugated Proteins:
- Made of amino acids added by ions or other minerals
- Globular proteins that obtain non-living substances like myoglobin that has an iron atom.
16.10 - Amino Acids and Peptides Page 1
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