Essay
Assignment 1 Unit 8 - Physiology of Human Body Systems
- Course
- Institution
A pass-grade document giving a bassline useful for anyone to build upon.
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
abaish05
Reviews received
Content preview
Aimee Baish FSC Group AAssignment A
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system (skeleton) is the name for the collection of bones in the human body. It is formed of two
divisions; these are the Axial skeleton (Figure 1) and Appendicular skeleton (Figure 2). The Axial skeleton is formed of
80 bones, and the Appendicular skeleton is formed of 126 bones. This means that in total the skeleton is made up of
206 bones. Each of the different regions of the skeleton have different functions. The axial skeleton is responsible for
the protection of internal organs, this is because it is the central part of the skeleton, in the middle of your body. It is
formed of bones like your vertebrae (Spine), sternum, ribs and cranium. For example, your ribs and sternum protect
your heart, your vertebrae protect your spinal cord and your cranium protects your brain. The Appendicular skeleton
is responsible for the movement of the body, this is the external part of skeleton. It is made up of bones like your
humurus, scapula, patella and metatarsals. For example, your humurus moves your arm, your metatarsals are a part
of your foot and your patella is your knee cap. The Vertebrae (Spine) is called the Vertebrae Column (Figure 3) and it
is split into 5 sections. The cervical region which includes the axis and atlas, at the top of your back, it is made of 7
cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) C1 is your atlas and C2 is your axis. The Thoracic region, which is the middle section of your
back, which is made of 12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1- T12). The lumbar region which is the lower back but not the bottom
of your back which is made of 5 Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5). Under your lumbar region is the sacrum which is made of 5
fused vertebrae (S1-S5). Finally, underneath your sacrum is your Coccyx/Coccygeal region which is the bottom of your
back and is made of 4 fused vertebrae. The bones that make up the Skeleton are divided into 5 types. Long bones
which are bones with long shafts and two distinct ends, these types of bones are longer than they are wider. For
example, your femur is a long bone. Short bones are bones that are shorter than long bones and look a bit like tubes.
An example of a short bone is your Carpals (Wrists) and Tarsals (Ankles). Flat bones are bones that aren’t cylindrical,
made up of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone. A flat bone in our bodies is the scapula.
Irregular bones are bones that vary in shape and size, they may have short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces. Finally,
Sesamoid bones are small and rounded masses within your tendons, like your metacarpals or metatarsals.
The Muscular System
The muscular system (Figure 4) is the system of muscles which all work together in the human body to provide
movement. The muscular system is made up of between 600-700 muscles. There are 3 types of muscle, Smooth
muscle which is an involuntary muscle and is in places like the colon or the diaphragm. Cardiac Muscle is also an
involuntary muscle and is in the heart. Skeletal Muscles are the only voluntary muscles of the body and are in the
muscles we use for movement like your obliques or biceps. Muscles are used for lots of different types of
movement. Smooth muscles are needed for digestion or breathing. The movement of the diaphragm is needed for
breathing. Cardiac muscles are used to pump blood around the body, through your arteries and veins. Skeletal
muscles are used for all types of movement, like lateral flexion and extension, the movement in your obliques, or
abduction and adduction, the movement of your deltoids (shoulders). There are also axial muscles, which are like the
axial skeleton, but its muscles instead of bones. These muscles are used to protect your internal organs and axial
skeleton too. The skeletal muscles work in quite a complex way. It starts by muscle fibres receiving signals from it
nerve, then the proteins, and actin and myosin, release energy to either contract or relax the muscle. When a muscle
contracts, the bones its connected to are pulled closer together. Most of our muscles come in pairs, so when one
contracts, the other relaxes and vice versa. An example of this would be your Biceps and Triceps. As you flex your
arm, your Biceps contract and your Triceps relax. Then when you extend your arm, the opposite happens, your
Triceps contract and your Biceps relax. Muscle pairs allow for flexion and extension.
Tendons
Tendons are the tissues that attach muscle to bone. For example, tendons connect your sternum to your pectorals.
They are responsible for the movement of bones. They are located at the start and end of every muscle. The fibres
and fibroblasts of tendons are arranged in parallel bundles. Tendons aren’t very elastic and are white in colour due
to the amount of blood supplied to them. Tendons allow for bones to move when muscles do, making movements
glide easier. Like when you perform bicep curls, the tendons allow for your humurus to move as well as your biceps
and triceps.
,Ligaments
Ligaments are the tissues that attach bones to bones. For example, ligaments connect your humurus to your radius
and ulna. They are responsible for keeping structures like your arms and legs stable. They are located lots of places,
like connecting your femur to your tibia or connecting your metacarpals to your phalanges and your metacarpals to
your carpals. The fibres and fibroblasts in ligaments are randomly arranged. They also are quite elastic and are
yellow in colour due to only a little blood supply. Ligaments help your joints flex and extend. For example, when you
flex and extend your knee, the ligaments connecting your femur and tibia stretch to allow you to move that joint to
walk.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a tissue, which sits on the ends of your bones to allow for joints to glide rather than grind. When cartilage
start to degrade, it can cause many different issues.
Joints
Joints are where two bones are joined using ligaments. Joints are important for movement because they help us to
walk, lift things, and move around. They help us complete all our daily tasks through bending to help us be able to do
things. There are 3 types of joint (Figure 5). There are Fibrous joints, they are joints that can’t move. For example,
your skull is made up of Fibrous joints. There are also Cartilaginous joints which are joint that are partly moveable.
For example, your Vertebrae are all Cartilaginous joints. The last type of joints are Synovial joints, these joints can
move freely. For example, your knees, wrists, ankles and hips are all Synovial joints. There are also 6 main types of
Synovial joints (Figure 6).
Types of Synovial joints
Ball and Socket Joint- These types of joints consist of the ball shaped end of one bone, fitting into the cup shaped
end of another, making the ball and socket joints that allow 3600 movement and abduction and adduction. These
movements combined is what allows for all our movements. An example of locations of ball and socket joints are our
shoulder and hip. An example of this joint is your pelvis, which is the socket, and the femur, which is the ball.
Condyloid Joint- These types of joints consist the oval shaped end of one bone, which fits into the hollow opening of
another bone, this makes the condyloid joint able to move in a flexion/extension and abduction/adduction these
movements combined is known as circumduction. Circumduction is 3600 movement using a combination of
flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. You can find condyloid joints in your wrists and in the proximal
phalanges (the part of your fingers closest to the knuckles). An example of this joint would be your Proximal
Phalanges (hollow opening) to your metacarpals (oval).
Gliding Joint (Plane Joint)- These joints consist of the surfaces of two flat bones held together by ligaments, this
makes the gliding joint able to move in a flexion/extension movement. You can find gliding joints in your fingers and
vertebrae column (spine). An example of this joint would be your manubrium to your clavicle.
Hinge Joint- These joints consist of the concave surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another, this
makes the hinge joint able to move in a flexion/extension movement. However, in hinge joints the flexion/extension
movement is only in one plane. You can find hinge joints in your knees and elbows. An example of this joint would be
your humurus and your ulna.
Saddle joint- These joints consist of the convex surface of one bone sitting in the saddle of the other, this makes the
saddle joint able to move in a circumduction movement. You can find saddle joints in your thumb and your inner ear.
An example of this joint would be the metacarpal of your thumb (convex) to your trapezium in your wrist (saddle).
Pivot Joint- These joints consist of the cylindrical surface of one bone, rotating within a ring formed of ligaments and
bone, this makes the pivot joint allow for axial rotation. You can find pivot joints in your neck. An example of this
joint would be your atlas to your axis.
The musculoskeletal system
, The skeletal system, the muscular system and joints all work together to form the musculoskeletal system. This is by
muscles being joined to bones, and bones join to make joints. The musculoskeletal system is the skeleton, muscles
and joints all working together to create movement and help in the protection of your internal organs, like your
brain, your spinal cord, your lungs and your heart. When muscles move, the bones its connected to via tendons
move. Then when joints move the bones that are connected via ligaments are moving. The Musculoskeletal system
helps in supporting and protecting the body, the skeleton is the strongest part of the musculoskeletal system, the
axial skeleton helps protect your internal organs, and muscles protect your skeleton and your internal organs too. In
terms of support, the appendicular skeleton helps to support and stabilize your body, muscles also help this by
contracting and relaxing to help movements become easier. Joints help protect the ends of your bones from
becoming damaged due to cartilage and ligaments, this means that in a joint, the ends of the bones are protected by
articular cartilage, this prevents the joints from grinding and causing damage to the ends of the bones. The
musculoskeletal system helps to produce and store minerals and bodily cells. For example, muscles produce and
store actin and myosin. Cardiac muscle is also what makes the heart, which is what produces, transports and stores
red blood cells. Bones also store and produce bone marrow, this helps when protect against issues like leukaemia,
you can donate your healthy bone marrow to help someone with leukaemia if you are a match for them.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis poster
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a severe, at times, chronic disease which mainly affects the hands (metacarpals and
phalanges), feet (metatarsals and phalanges) and your wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals). (NHS, 2019, online) RA is
an auto-immune disease which is a type of disease where the immune system sees the Articular Cartilage (the tissue
that sits inside joints to protect the bones from grinding together) that joins the affected bones as an attacker, so the
immune system thinks these ligaments are attacking it, so the immune system retaliates and attacks the ligament to
defend itself, even though they aren’t foreign bodies.
What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Patients with RA will experience unpredictable symptoms, they are different for every person. The most common
ones are pain in or near the affected joints, swelling and stiffness in the affected areas and/or inflammation of the
affected joints. (NHS, 2019, online) The pain tends to be an aching or throbbing sort of pain, it is usually the worst in
the morning and after a phase of idleness (like after sitting on the sofa watching TV for an hour). You can experience
‘morning stiffness’ which is when your affected joints are stiff just after waking up. When your affected joints are
stiff, you won’t have the full range of movement. For example, if your RA is in your ankles, you wouldn’t be able to
fully rotate your ankle. You may also experience quite common symptoms like fatigue and lethargy, a fever, constant
sweating, a poorer appetite and weight loss. (NHS, 2019, online) As RA is an Auto-immune disease, you may also
experience issues or symptoms in other places, like chest pain (if the heart is affected) and difficulty breathing if the
lungs are affected. (NHS, 2019, online)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller abaish05. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.90. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
51292 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now