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Volledige samenvatting psychologie en rechtspyschologie 2023
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Volledige samenvatting psychologie en rechtspyschologie academiejaar 22-2023, obv slides, cursusmateriaal en boek
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PSYCHOLOGIE EN RECHTSPSYCHOLOGIEINHOUDSOPGAVE
DEEL 1: H1. wat is psychologie ............................................................................................................................................. 5
combinatie van ‘psyche’ en ‘logos’ ....................................................................................................................................... 5
lang verleden, korte geschiedenis ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Psychologie werkzaam in het veld ........................................................................................................................................ 7
impact psychologie op dagelijkse leven................................................................................................................................ 7
waarom kan jij dit lezen? ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
recent psychologisch onderzoek uitwijzingen: ..................................................................................................................... 8
H2. perspectief en stromingen ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1: 6 belangrijke perspectieven binnen de psychologie: .......................................................................................................... 9
biologisch perspectief ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
cognitief perspectief ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
behavioristisch perspectief ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Perspectieven vanuit de hele persoon: .............................................................................................................................. 13
ontwikkelingsperspectief .................................................................................................................................................... 15
sociocultureel perspectief .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Laatste jaren: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
H3. deelgebieden (specialisaties) in de psychologie ........................................................................................................... 17
3.1 klinisch psychologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 ontwikkelingspsychologie ............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.3 Sociale psychologie ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 arbeids- en organisatiepsychologie .............................................................................................................................. 18
3.5 persoonlijkheidspsychologie ......................................................................................................................................... 18
3.6 leerpsychologie ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
3.7 gezondheidspsychologie ............................................................................................................................................... 19
3.8 andere deelgebieden .................................................................................................................................................... 19
4. onderzoeksmethoden en psychologie ............................................................................................................................ 20
4.1. wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................ 20
voorbeelden niet empirische vragen: ................................................................................................................................ 20
voorbeelden empirische vragen ......................................................................................................................................... 20
onderzoeksmethoden van sociaal wetenschappelijk onderzoek -> psychologisch onderzoek .......................................... 21
4.2. fenomeen en probleemstelling ......................................................................................................................................... 21
4.3. onderzoeksvraag .............................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.4. soorten onderzoek, doelen, hypotheses ........................................................................................................................... 22
Soort onderzoek: ................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Theorie : twee benaderingen ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Doelen versus hypotheses .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Concepten (onderzoeksvraag / hypotheses): ..................................................................................................................... 23
4.5. benaderingen ................................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.6. design ............................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1. experimenten (belangrijkst) ........................................................................................................................................ 25
6.2. survey .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
1
, 6.3. gevalsstudie ................................................................................................................................................................. 26
6.4. correlationeel design ................................................................................................................................................... 27
6.5. oberservatieonderzoek ................................................................................................................................................ 27
4.7. Dataverzamelingsmethoden ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Soorten dataverzamelingsmethoden: ................................................................................................................................ 28
4.9. rapportage ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.8. data-analyse..................................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.9. sterktes en zwaktes van onderzoek .................................................................................................................................. 30
sterktes ............................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Fouten - vertekeningen: ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
Ethische kwesties:............................................................................................................................................................... 31
DEEL 2: H1. thema leren: leerprocessen ............................................................................................................................. 31
inleiding in de psychologie en de rechtspsychologie ............................................................................................................... 31
1.1. klassieke conditionering ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) - Behaviorisme, 1902 .................................................................................................................. 32
Kernpunten om tot conditionering te komen: ................................................................................................................... 33
toepassing ........................................................................................................................................................................... 34
conclusie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.2 operante conditionering .................................................................................................................................................... 35
1: SKINNERS RADICALE BEHAVIORISME - 1948 .................................................................................................................. 35
KERNPUNT 2: HET PROBLEEM VAN STRAFFEN ................................................................................................................... 36
1.3. Inzichtelijk leren/cognitief ................................................................................................................................................ 38
1.5 Sociaal-constructivisme ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
1.4 sociaal leren ...................................................................................................................................................................... 39
toepassing ........................................................................................................................................................................... 39
deel 2: H2. geheugen ......................................................................................................................................................... 40
cognitieve psychologie ............................................................................................................................................................ 40
voorbeelden........................................................................................................................................................................ 40
1. functies van het geheugen .................................................................................................................................................. 41
Drie essentiële functies: ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
2. werking: hoe worden herinneringen gevormd? .................................................................................................................. 42
dit stappenplan heet: multi-storage model: ....................................................................................................................... 42
1. sensorisch geheugen ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
2. werkgeheugen................................................................................................................................................................ 44
3. lange termijn geheugen ................................................................................................................................................. 46
4. hoe herinneringen ophalen ................................................................................................................................................. 47
4.1. impliciete en expliciete herinneringen ........................................................................................................................ 47
4.2. herinneringsclues (ophaalwijzigingen/retrieval ceus) ................................................................................................. 48
4.3. andere beïnvloedende factoren .................................................................................................................................. 48
5. problemen (waarom laat ons geheugen ons soms in de steek?) ........................................................................................ 49
‘Fabelachtig geheugen’ (experiment Brady et al. 2008): .................................................................................................... 49
Verminderde werking geheugen: ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Daniel Schacter de ‘zeven zonden’:..................................................................................................................................... 49
probleem 1: vluchtigheid: als herinneringen vervagen ...................................................................................................... 49
probleem 2: verstrooidheid: als verslappen van de aandacht tot vergeten leidt .............................................................. 50
2
, probleem 3: blokkades: toegangsproblemen ..................................................................................................................... 50
probleem 4: foutieve attributie: herinneringen in de verkeerde context ......................................................................... 50
probleem 5: suggestibiliteit: .............................................................................................................................................. 50
probleem 6: bias: ................................................................................................................................................................ 51
probleem 7: persistentie: ................................................................................................................................................... 51
samenvatting ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52
6. verbetering van het geheugen ............................................................................................................................................ 53
Belangrijke dingen van dit thema: ...................................................................................................................................... 53
2.4: thema sociale psychologie ......................................................................................................................................... 54
1. sociale psychologie .............................................................................................................................................................. 54
situationisme vs. dispositionalisme .................................................................................................................................... 54
2. SOCIALE SITUATIE EN GEDRAG ............................................................................................................................................ 54
2.1: SOCIALE GEDRAGSNORMEN ........................................................................................................................................ 54
4.2 conformisme ................................................................................................................................................................. 55
2.3. Perceptuele illusies ...................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.3. gehoorzaameid en autoriteit ....................................................................................................................................... 59
2.4: HET PROBLEEM VAN DE OMSTAANDER: HET KWAAD VAN INACTIVITEIT ................................................................... 60
3. CONSTRUCTIE VAN DE SOCIALE WERKELIJKHEID ................................................................................................................ 61
3.1: INTERPERSOONLIJKE AANTREKKINGSKRACHT ............................................................................................................. 61
3.2. cognitieve attributies maken ....................................................................................................................................... 63
3.3: VOOROORDEEL EN DISCRIMINATIE ............................................................................................................................. 64
4. SYSTEEM EN GEDRAG ....................................................................................................................................................... 65
Stanford prison experiment, Zimbardo: Sterke kracht van het systeem op gedrag ........................................................... 65
4.2: KETEN VAN SYSTEMATISCH BEVEL .............................................................................................................................. 66
ADDENDUM: REFLECTIE EXPERIMENTEN SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE ......................................................................................... 66
Gehoorzaamheid (Milgram) ............................................................................................................................................... 66
Bystandereffect (Kitty Genovese) ....................................................................................................................................... 68
Kracht van het systeem – Stanford Prisonexperiment (Zimbardo) .................................................................................... 69
DEEL 3: RECHTSPSYCHOLOGIE: inleiding in de rechtspsychologie ....................................................................................... 70
1. inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................................... 70
2. geschienis van de rechtspsychologie ................................................................................................................................... 71
3. Recht en psychologie: Een paar apart ................................................................................................................................. 72
4. mensvisie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 72
4.1 behaviorisme (1900) ..................................................................................................................................................... 73
4.2. psychoanalyse (1900) .................................................................................................................................................. 73
4.3. humanisme (1950) ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
3.4 cognitieve psychologie (1970) ...................................................................................................................................... 74
3.5. recht en psychologie .................................................................................................................................................... 74
recht & psychologie: reflectie .................................................................................................................................................. 75
Nederland: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 75
België: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
kloof tussen juristen en rechtspychologen ......................................................................................................................... 75
2. rechtspsychologische thema’s ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Klassificatie van thema’s ..................................................................................................................................................... 77
fasen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
3
, doelgroep............................................................................................................................................................................ 78
H2: thema verdachten ....................................................................................................................................................... 81
het verdachtenverhoor ............................................................................................................................................................ 81
1.1. Rechten voor verhoor en bij aanvang verhoor ............................................................................................................ 81
2. verhoormodel ................................................................................................................................................................. 85
2.2. TECHNIEKEN ..................................................................................................................................................................... 87
beschuldigend model.......................................................................................................................................................... 87
informatie -verzamelend model ......................................................................................................................................... 88
illustraties ........................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Kettingreactie bij vooringenomenheid: .............................................................................................................................. 88
3. valse bekentenissen............................................................................................................................................................. 89
Waarom verdachten bekennen: ......................................................................................................................................... 89
soorten valse bekentenissen .............................................................................................................................................. 89
4. gerechtelijk dwaling ............................................................................................................................................................ 90
5. safeguards – waarborgen ................................................................................................................................................... 90
6. minderjarige verdachten ..................................................................................................................................................... 91
6.1. Individuele en situationele variabelen......................................................................................................................... 91
6.2. vastellingen uit onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................... 92
6.4. Verhoortechnieken bij minderjarige verdachten ........................................................................................................ 94
6.5. Aanbevelingen in diverse studies ................................................................................................................................ 94
7. Take home message ............................................................................................................................................................ 95
Conclusie............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
HOOFDSTUK 3: KWETSBARE VERDACHTEN (GASTCOLLEGE) ............................................................................................... 96
Kwetsbare verdachten: “What’s in a name?” ......................................................................................................................... 96
Omschrijving van kwetsbaarheid ........................................................................................................................................ 96
Regelgeving......................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Kanttekeningen................................................................................................................................................................. 101
Naar een adequate benadering van kwetsbaarheid......................................................................................................... 101
De vaststelling van kwetsbaarheid ....................................................................................................................................... 102
Belang ............................................................................................................................................................................... 102
MAAR: Complexe opdracht .............................................................................................................................................. 102
Het faciliteren van een tijdige vaststelling........................................................................................................................ 103
MAAR: Niet steeds adequate reactie op kwetsbaarheid .................................................................................................. 103
Besluit.................................................................................................................................................................................... 104
HOOFDSTUK 4: ALIBI’S (GASTCOLLEGE 2) ..........................................................................................................................105
Achtergrond .......................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Alibi’s ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Illustratie: Zaak John Travolta ........................................................................................................................................... 105
De vier stadia voor onderzoek naar alibi’s ............................................................................................................................ 106
1. Generatie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 106
2. Validatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 106
3. Evaluatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Illustratie: Zaak Patrick ..................................................................................................................................................... 108
Factoren die meespelen op de geloofwaardigheid: ......................................................................................................... 108
Illustratie: Zaak Ronald Cotton ......................................................................................................................................... 109
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