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animal responses summary

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a coincise summary of animal responses including : blood vessels, heart structure, tissue fluid formation, co2 transport, haemoglobin. Diagrams embedded to visualise structure of vessels and heart better bullet points to summarise sequence of events key words highlighted for better recall

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  • January 4, 2024
  • 5
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
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ANIMAL RESPONSES
BIOLOGY
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Notes

CNS

● Brain: voluntary + involuntary responses
● Spinal cord: reflex actions

Group of neurons: nuclei

Group of axons: tracts

PNS (neurons outside CNS)

● Somatic division: voluntary movement through effectors

Axons connect cell body in CNS to skeletal muscle via neurone outside CNS

● Autonomic : involuntary responses with effectors

Preganglionic neurone in CNS connects to autonomic ganglion that’s connected to
effector by postganglionic neuron

- Sympathetic ns: fight or flight
- Parasympathetic: rest + digest

Groups of neurons: ganglia

Groups of axons: nerves


BRAIN

● Cerebrum: most of mass, controls thoughts + actions. Split into 2 hemispheres
connected by corpus callosum

, ● Frontal lobe: emotions, reasoning, problem solving + planning
● Temporal: sensory processing of hearing, memory formation, language, facial
recognition
● Occipital: visual processing
● Parietal: integrates sensory info
● Cerebellum: coordinates balance, movement + body posture (fine motor control)
● Medulla oblongata: regulate breathing, swallowing, circulation, digestion + sneezing
reflex. Connects spinal cord to higher regions
● Hypothalamus: thermoregulation, hunger, control pituitary gland, secretes ADH


Sympathetic Nervous System

fight or flight response.

➢ Preganglionic nerves release Ach at synapses
➢ Norepinephrine: btw postganglionic nerves + effectors

Binds with adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, heart, eye muscles, exocrine
glands

➢ Ach stimulates sweat glands

Inhibits peripheral vision to focus sight on potential danger

Parasympathetic System

rest and digest

➢ Pre + postganglionic neurones release Ach at synapses
➢ Ach binds with muscarinic receptors in eye muscles, bronchioles, heart, smooth
muscle in digestive tract



Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Heart rate Increased decreased

Blood vessels Vasoconstriction Vasodilation

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