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Samenvatting Hong et al.
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Hong et al.Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework:
Micro: parent–youth relationships, inter-parental violence, relations with peers, school
connectedness, and school environment
Meso: teacher involvement
Exo: exposure to media violence, neighborhood environment
Macro: cultural norms and beliefs, religious affiliation
Chrono: (changes in family structure) levels.
Wetenschappelijke relevantie
Zorgen over ‘bully-cide’ (zelfmoord als gevolg van ‘peer victimization’) en ‘school violence’
(beschietingen op school) hebben tot een hoop onderzoek naar risicofactoren gezorgd, maar
dit ging altijd in op de associatie tussen pestgedrag en individuele kenmerken (leeftijd,
gender en psychosociale problemen), en directe relaties (familie en leeftijdsgenootjes) en het
schoolklimaat. Maar een klein deel van het onderzoek focust op de relatie tussen factoren
van een breder niveau en pestgedrag, zoals wijk- en culturele invloeden. Dit onderzoek was
vooral buiten de VS.
Betekenis pesten
The World Health Organization (2002) recognizes bullying behavior as the intentional use of
physical and psychological force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another
person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development, or deprivation.
Verschillende soorten
Overt en covert
Reactive (“a defense reaction to a perceived threatening stimulus and is
accompanied by some visible form of anger”) en proactive (“unprovoked aversive
means of influencing or coercing another person and is more goaldirected than
reactive aggression”)
Overt (confrontational behavior directed towards another individual or a group of
individuals) en relational (a type of behavior that involves excluding someone from a
social group, spreading rumors, keeping secrets, or humiliating someone in a social
setting)
Punking: a practice involving verbal and physical violence, humiliation, and shaming
in public, which is perpetrated against a particular male student(s) by another male
student(s).
The term ‘bystander’ refers to a viewer, observer, witness, and passerby. Bystanders play
multiple roles in bullying situations.
Bystanders are characterized as standing around and watching fights without helping
the victim. They enjoy watching fights, often encouraging the bully. They also help the
bully by warning them if an adult is coming.
On the contrary, some bystanders sympathize with the victim and disapprove of
bullying and these attitudes are moderated by age and by gender.
o In terms of age, children's negative attitudes towards bullying decrease as
they get older. Ironically, older children are also more likely to support the
victims than younger children.
o In terms of gender, girls are more likely to be empathic and supportive of the
victims, while boys believe that victims ‘deserved what happened to them.
Ecologische risico- en protectieve factoren
Kenmerken van het kind
Leeftijd
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