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Summary Medicine - Progress Test

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This document allows for an in depth revision for the Progress Test during the Bachelor Year. It is based both on the material covered in the Bachelor Year of Medicine and on the questions in the Progress Test. It is includes a summary for all the sections of the Progress Test: Respiratory System, ...

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  • April 18, 2018
  • 67
  • 2017/2018
  • Summary

2  reviews

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By: zrorije • 5 year ago

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By: makhan • 6 year ago

notes are good

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Progress Test - Fiche de Revision

I. Understanding Lab Values...............................................................................................2
II. Respiratory System........................................................................................................ 4
1. Anatomy and physiology............................................................................................4
2. Pathophysiology.........................................................................................................5
III. Circulatory System.........................................................................................................8
1. Anatomy and physiology............................................................................................8
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................11
IV. Immune System.......................................................................................................... 16
1. Anatomy and Physiology..........................................................................................17
......................................................................................................................................... 17
2. Pathology................................................................................................................. 18
V. Digestive System.......................................................................................................... 21
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................21
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................23
3. Treatment................................................................................................................. 27
VI. Kidneys and Urinary Tract...........................................................................................27
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................27
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................28
VII. Reproductive System.................................................................................................32
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................32
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................33
VIII. Endocrine System.....................................................................................................38
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................38
IX. Nervous System.......................................................................................................... 39
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................40
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................42
X. Mental Healthcare........................................................................................................ 43
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................43
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................44
XI. Musculoskeletal System..............................................................................................46
1. Anatomy and physiology..........................................................................................46
2. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................47
XII. Skin and Connective Tissue.......................................................................................50
1. Pathophysiology.......................................................................................................51
XIII. Infectious Diseases...................................................................................................52
1. Malaria..................................................................................................................... 52
2. HIV........................................................................................................................... 53
3. Hepatitis................................................................................................................... 54
4. Tuberculosis............................................................................................................. 55
5. Meningitis................................................................................................................. 55
6. Fungal Infections......................................................................................................58
XIV. Bacteriology.............................................................................................................. 61

, XV. Personal and Social Aspects......................................................................................62
XVI. Statistics and Epidemiology......................................................................................63
1. Statistics................................................................................................................... 63
7. Epidemiology............................................................................................................ 64
XVII. Pharmacology.......................................................................................................... 65
1. Pain.......................................................................................................................... 65
2. Anticoagulation.........................................................................................................65
3. Cardiovascular Agents.............................................................................................66




I. Understanding Lab Values

- hemoglobin: decrease indicates anemia


- MCV (mean corpuscular value):
- decrease indicates microcytic anemia
- increase indicates macrocytic anemia


- thrombocytes (//platelets):
- decrease: ITP, viral infections (mononucleosis, hepatitis, HIV), leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic
anemia, sepsis, cirrhosis, bone marrow disorder, rapid platelet consumption

, - increase: cancers (lung, GI, ovarian, breast), anemia (iron-deficiency, hemolytic), inflammatory
conditions, infectious diseases, contraceptives


- leukocytes (WBC):
- decrease: bone marrow damage/disorders, lymphoma, autoimmune disorders, immune system
disorders
- increase: infections, inflammation, leukemia, tissue death (heart attack), allergic response


- reticulocytes (immature RBCs):
- decrease: iron deficiency/aplastic/pernicious/folic acid anemia, bone marrow failure, severe kidney
disease, alcoholism, endocrine disease, radiation therapy
- increase: hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia


- haptoglobin:
- decrease signals hemolytic anemia


- alkaline phosphatase (dephosphorylation enzyme)
- increase in liver disease or bone disease (ie. Paget’s disease)


- gamma-GT
- increase: condition of liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis), congestive heart failure, diabetes,
pancreatitis, alcohol abuse
- can eliminate bone disease


- AST and ALT
- increase: indicate liver damage but also possibly other muscle damage (heart)
- ratio <2:1 indicates liver disease


- lipase:
- increase signifies pancreas disorder (pancreatitis)


- LDH: increases due to tissue damage (hepatitis, hemolytic anemia)
- liver to organs: impairs endothelial functions, increases ROS production, destroys NO

- albumin:
- decrease: low production of it in the liver


- bilirubin

, - unconjugated: pre/intrahepatic causes
- conjugated: posthepatic causes


- CRP: increase due to systemic infection


- ESR: sedimentation rate
- increase: increase in inflammation


II. Respiratory System


1. Anatomy and physiology


- macroscopy
- trachea bifurcates at T4
- segmental tree (large, small) -> bronchioles (respiratory, terminal) -> alveolar sacs
Cartilage smooth muscle tissue
- circulation:
- left ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> bronchial arteries -> pulmonary veins -> right
ventricle
- innervation: motor with C3-C5, phrenic nerve ; sensory with T6-T7
- cells:
- alveolar squamous epithelium: production of surfactant
- Clara cells: defensive mechanism, weakness in the flu
- goblet cells: mucus production
- cylindrical bronchial epithelium/pleural mesothelium: basic surface cells of the lungs +
produce pleural mesothelium




- O2 binding
- partial pressure corresponds to affinity: lower value -> higher affinity
- binding capacity: HbF > HbA > Mb

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