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Samenvatting statistische methoden
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Statistische methoden,Gegevens verwerken..............................................................................................................................................6
Concepten.................................................................................................................................................................6
Gegevens verzamelen.......................................................................................................................................6
Methodieken.......................................................................................................................................................6
Aandachtspunten............................................................................................................................................6
Variabelen..............................................................................................................................................................6
Kwalitatieve variabelen..............................................................................................................6
Kwantitatieve variabelen............................................................................................................7
Indeling in schalen.....................................................................................................................7
Gegevens verwerken..........................................................................................................................................7
Frequentieverdelingen................................................................................................................................7
Grafische voorstellingen.............................................................................................................................7
Pictogram...................................................................................................................................7
Cirkeldiagram.............................................................................................................................8
Staafdiagram, kolomdiagram.....................................................................................................8
Naalddiagram.............................................................................................................................8
Stapeldiagram............................................................................................................................8
Paretdiagram..............................................................................................................................8
Spreidingsgrafiek........................................................................................................................9
Grafiek met tijdas.......................................................................................................................9
Stamdiagram..............................................................................................................................9
Verwerken van gegevens op kwalitatief meetniveau.........................................................10
Frequentietabel........................................................................................................................10
Contingentietabel of kruistabel................................................................................................10
Verwerken van gegevens op kwantitatief meetniveau......................................................11
Niet-gegroepeerde gegevens...................................................................................................11
Gegroepeerde gegevens..........................................................................................................12
Contingentietabel....................................................................................................................13
Gegevens karakteriseren...............................................................................................................................13
Centrummaten................................................................................................................................................13
Rekenkundig gemiddelde.........................................................................................................13
Mediaan...................................................................................................................................13
Modus......................................................................................................................................14
Scheefheid..........................................................................................................................................................14
Symmetrisch............................................................................................................................14
Rechtsscheef............................................................................................................................15
, Linksscheef...............................................................................................................................15
Variabiliteit van waarnemingen (spreidingsmaten).............................................................15
Variatiebreedte of range R.......................................................................................................15
Interkwartielafstand.................................................................................................................15
Gemiddelde deviatie (MD).......................................................................................................16
Variantie en standaardafwijking...............................................................................................16
Variatiecoëfficiënt..........................................................................................................................................17
Opsporen van uitschieters.......................................................................................................................17
IKA – interkwartielafstand........................................................................................................17
Z-scores....................................................................................................................................17
Verband tussen variabelen..........................................................................................................................18
Associatie tussen twee kwantitatieve variabelen...................................................................18
Spreidingsgrafieken..................................................................................................................18
Lineaire regressie en correlatie................................................................................................18
Associatie tussen twee kwalitatieve variabelen.......................................................................19
Rangordecorrelatiecoëfficiënt..................................................................................................19
Kansrekening........................................................................................................................................................20
Algemeenheden............................................................................................................................................20
Het begrip kans..............................................................................................................................................20
Theoretisch..............................................................................................................................20
Experimenteel..........................................................................................................................21
Rekenen met kansen..................................................................................................................................21
Somregel - OF...........................................................................................................................21
Productregel............................................................................................................................22
Kruistabellen.....................................................................................................................................................22
Kansboom...........................................................................................................................................................23
Kansverdeling ven een stochastische veranderlijke................................................................23
Stochastische veranderlijke...................................................................................................................23
Kansfuncties.............................................................................................................................23
Discrete toevalsveranderelijke.............................................................................................................23
Kansfunctie..............................................................................................................................23
Verdelingsfunctie.....................................................................................................................24
Kengetallen..............................................................................................................................24
Continue toevalveranderlijke................................................................................................................25
Kansfunctie..............................................................................................................................25
Verdelingsfunctie.....................................................................................................................25
, Kengetallen..............................................................................................................................26
Verwante toevalsveranderlijken.........................................................................................................26
Som van onafhankelijke toevalsveranderlijken........................................................................26
Gestandaardiseerde toevalsveranderlijke................................................................................26
Bijzondere theoretische verdelingen..................................................................................................27
Binomiale verdeling....................................................................................................................................27
Toevalsvariabele X....................................................................................................................27
Kansfunctie..............................................................................................................................27
Verdelingsfunctie.....................................................................................................................27
Kengetallen..............................................................................................................................27
Poisson verdeling..........................................................................................................................................28
Kansfunctie..............................................................................................................................28
Verdelingsfunctie.....................................................................................................................28
Kengetallen..............................................................................................................................28
Normale verdeling........................................................................................................................................28
Kansdichtheidsfunctie..............................................................................................................28
Verdelingsfunctie.....................................................................................................................28
Kengetallen..............................................................................................................................29
Symmetrie................................................................................................................................29
Normale verdeling........................................................................................................................................30
Gestandaardiseerde of genormeerde verdeling.......................................................................30
Bijzondere waarden en betrouwbaarheidsintervallen.............................................................30
Normale benadering van binomiale verdeling.........................................................................30
Normale benadering van de Poisson verdeling........................................................................31
Student of T-verdeling................................................................................................................................31
T-verdeling...............................................................................................................................31
Kengetallen..............................................................................................................................31
-verdeling.............................................................................................................................................................31
Welke kansverdeling gebruiken.........................................................................................................31
Steekproefverdelingen....................................................................................................................................31
Steekproefgrootheden...............................................................................................................................31
Verdeling steekproefgemiddelde.............................................................................................31
Verdeling steekproefvariantie..................................................................................................32
Schatters..............................................................................................................................................................32
Puntschatters...........................................................................................................................32
Schattersintervallen.................................................................................................................33
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