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Groot wordenInhoudsopgave
Inhoudsopgave.......................................................................................................................................1
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding............................................................................................................................8
1.1 De ontwikkeling van het kind: gewikt en gewogen.......................................................................8
1.2 Wat is ontwikkeling?.....................................................................................................................8
1.3 Wat is psychologie?......................................................................................................................8
1.4 Hoe ontstaat ontwikkeling?..........................................................................................................8
1.4.1 De natuur (je aanleg, ‘Nature’)..............................................................................................8
1.4.2 Het milieu (je omgeving, ‘Nurture’).......................................................................................8
1.4.3 Een derde ontwikkelingsfactor: de zelfbepaling?..................................................................8
1.4.4 De gulden middenweg?.........................................................................................................9
1.5 Stromingen binnen de ontwikkelingspsychologie.........................................................................9
1.5.1 Psychodynamisch perspectief................................................................................................9
1.5.2 Behaviorisme.........................................................................................................................9
1.5.3 Cognitivisme..........................................................................................................................9
1.5.4 Evolutionair of ethologisch perspectief.................................................................................9
1.5.5 Contextueel of ecologisch perspectief.................................................................................10
1.5.6 Humanistisch perspectief....................................................................................................10
1.5.7 Eén visie of combinaties?.....................................................................................................10
1.6 Hoe met ontwikkeling omgaan?.................................................................................................10
1.6.1 Werken in de Zone van Naaste Ontwikkeling......................................................................10
1.6.2 Welbevinden en betrokkenheid als richtsnoeren................................................................11
1.6.3 Motivatie als motor voor leren en ontwikkeling..................................................................11
1.7 Het handboek in een notendop..................................................................................................12
1.7.1 De ontwikkelingsfasen.........................................................................................................12
1.7.2 De ontwikkelingsdomeinen of -gebieden............................................................................12
1.7.3 Voor leerkrachten, opvoeders en verzorgers.......................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 2: De ongeboren baby, de geboorte en de pasgeborene....................................................12
2.1 De ongeboren baby....................................................................................................................12
2.1.1 De lichamelijke (en motorische) ontwikkeling.....................................................................12
2.1.1.1 De germinale periode (3-4 weken)...............................................................................12
2.1.1.2 De embryonale periode (5 tot 10 weken).....................................................................12
2.1.1.3 De foetale periode (11 tot 40 weken)...........................................................................13
1
, 2.1.2 De psychische ontwikkeling.................................................................................................13
2.1.3 Zwanger met hindernissen..................................................................................................13
2.1.3.1 Miskraam en buitenbaarmoederlijke zwangerschap....................................................13
2.1.3.2 Genetische risico’s........................................................................................................13
2.1.3.3 Schadelijke omgevingsinvloeden..................................................................................14
2.2 De geboorte................................................................................................................................14
2.2.1 De bevalling.........................................................................................................................14
2.2.2 Een traumatische ervaring?.................................................................................................15
2.2.3 Soorten bevallingen.............................................................................................................15
2.2.3.1 De omgeving scheppen: de zachte geboorte................................................................15
2.2.3.2 Ziekenhuis of thuis?......................................................................................................15
2.2.3.3 Wanneer het te veel pijn doet: de epidurale verdoving of ruggenprik.........................15
2.2.3.4 Wanneer er ingegrepen moet worden: de keizersnede...............................................15
2.2.3.5 Een andere plaats: de onderwaterbevalling.................................................................15
2.2.4 Op tijd, vroeggeboorte of overdragen zwangerschap..........................................................15
2.3 Na de geboorte: welkom kleine baby.........................................................................................16
2.3.1 Hoe maakt de baby het?......................................................................................................16
2.3.2 De eerste voeding................................................................................................................16
2.3.3 De slapende baby................................................................................................................16
2.3.4 Abnormaal? Nee, heel gewoon............................................................................................16
2.3.5 Babyreflexen of babyreacties..............................................................................................16
Hoofdstuk 3: De baby (0 tot 1.5 jaar)...................................................................................................17
3.1 De lichamelijke ontwikkeling......................................................................................................17
3.2 De motorische ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................17
3.2.1 Het kijkstadium (0-3 maanden)...........................................................................................17
3.2.2 Het grijpstadium (3-6 stadium)............................................................................................17
3.2.3 Het zitstadium (6-9 maanden).............................................................................................18
3.2.4 Het kruipstadium (9-12 maanden).......................................................................................18
3.2.5 Het loopstadium (12-15 maanden)......................................................................................18
3.3 De tekenontwikkeling.................................................................................................................18
3.4 De perceptuele ontwikkeling......................................................................................................18
3.4.1 Zien......................................................................................................................................18
3.4.2 Horen...................................................................................................................................18
3.4.3 Ruiken en proeven...............................................................................................................18
3.4.4 Voelen..................................................................................................................................18
3.4.5 Stimulerende omgeving.......................................................................................................19
2
, 3.5 De seksuele ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................19
3.5.1 Wat is kinderseksualiteit?....................................................................................................19
3.5.2 De seksuele ontwikkeling volgens Freud.............................................................................19
3.5.3 De seksuele ontwikkeling bij de baby..................................................................................19
3.6 De sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling...........................................................................................19
3.6.1 Hechting en gehechtheidsgedrag........................................................................................19
3.6.2 Gehechtheidstheorie volgens Bowlby.................................................................................20
3.6.3 Gehechtheidspatronen........................................................................................................20
3.6.4 Vreemden- of 8-maandenangst en separatieangst..............................................................20
3.6.5 Social referencing: kijken naar anderen...............................................................................20
3.7 De cognitieve ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................20
3.7.1 De cognitieve ontwikkeling volgens Piaget..........................................................................20
3.7.2 De baby in het sensori-motorisch stadium..........................................................................21
3.8 De taalontwikkeling....................................................................................................................21
3.9 De spelontwikkeling....................................................................................................................21
3.9.1 Wat is spelen en spelontwikkeling?.....................................................................................21
3.9.2 De spelontwikkeling bij de baby..........................................................................................22
3.10 De persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling..............................................................................................22
3.10.1 De persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling volgens Erikson.............................................................22
3.10.2 De persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling tijdens de babyfase.......................................................22
3.10.3 Genderverschillen?............................................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 4: De peuter (1.5 tot 3 jaar)................................................................................................22
4.1 De lichamelijke ontwikkeling......................................................................................................22
4.2 De motorische ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................23
4.3 De tekenontwikkeling.................................................................................................................23
4.4 De perceptuele ontwikkeling van de peuter en kleuter..............................................................23
4.5 De cognitieve ontwikkeling van de peuter en kleuter................................................................23
4.5.1 Verworven denkcapaciteiten...............................................................................................23
4.5.2 Preconceptueel denken.......................................................................................................23
4.5.3 Denkfouten..........................................................................................................................23
4.5.3.1 Conservatieproef: behoud van hoeveelheid vloeistof en massa...................................24
4.5.3.2 Het ‘drie bergen’-experiment.......................................................................................24
4.5.3.3 Het klasse-inclusie-experiment.....................................................................................24
4.5.4 Verwarring tussen fantasie en werkelijkheid.......................................................................24
4.6 De taalontwikkeling....................................................................................................................24
4.7 De sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling...........................................................................................25
3
, 4.8 De seksuele ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................25
4.9 De persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling................................................................................................25
4.10 De morele ontwikkeling............................................................................................................25
4.10.1 De morele ontwikkeling bij de peuter................................................................................25
4.10.2 Straffen en belonen...........................................................................................................25
4.10.2.1 Straffen.......................................................................................................................25
4.10.2.2 Belonen.......................................................................................................................26
4.11 De schoolse ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................26
4.12 De spelontwikkeling..................................................................................................................26
4.13 Indien de ontwikkeling ‘anders’ loopt …...................................................................................27
4.13.1 Autisme..............................................................................................................................27
4.13.2 Eetstoornissen...................................................................................................................27
Hoofdstuk 5: De kleuter (3 tot 6 jaar)...................................................................................................28
5.1 De lichamelijke ontwikkeling......................................................................................................28
5.2 De motorische ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................28
5.3 De tekenontwikkeling.................................................................................................................28
5.4 De perceptuele ontwikkeling......................................................................................................28
5.5 De cognitieve ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................29
5.6 De taalontwikkeling....................................................................................................................29
5.7 De sociaal-emotionele ontwikkeling...........................................................................................29
5.8 De seksuele ontwikkeling...........................................................................................................30
5.8.1 De fallische fase bij de kleuterjongen..................................................................................30
5.8.2 De fallische fase bij het kleutermeisje.................................................................................30
5.9 De persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling................................................................................................30
5.10 De morele ontwikkeling............................................................................................................31
5.10.1 De morele ontwikkeling volgens Kohlberg.........................................................................31
5.10.2 De morele ontwikkeling volgens Freud..............................................................................31
5.10.3 De morele ontwikkeling bij de kleuter...............................................................................32
5.11 De schoolse ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................32
5.11.1 Spelenderwijs leren...........................................................................................................32
5.11.2 Ervaringsgericht kleuteronderwijs.....................................................................................32
5.11.2.1 Vrij kleuterinitiatief.....................................................................................................32
5.11.2.2 Milieuverrijking...........................................................................................................33
5.11.2.3 Ervaringsgerichte dialoog............................................................................................33
5.11.3 Zorgbreedte en zorgverbreding voor een brede basiszorg................................................33
5.12 De spelontwikkeling..................................................................................................................33
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