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Samenvatting algemene chemie (1e BACH CH, Ugent)
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Gehele samenvatting van het 1e semester
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Algemene chemieInhoud
ATOMEN................................................................................................................................................5
Elementen:........................................................................................................................................5
Chemische elementen:..................................................................................................................5
Voorkomen en beschikbaarheid:...................................................................................................6
Atoomtheorieën:...............................................................................................................................7
Atoomtheorie van Dalton:.............................................................................................................7
Subatomaire deeltjes:....................................................................................................................7
Atoomsymbolen:...........................................................................................................................8
Atoommassa:.................................................................................................................................8
Radioactiviteit:...............................................................................................................................8
Elektronenstructuur:........................................................................................................................11
Inleiding:......................................................................................................................................11
Historische achtergrond van de kwantummechanica:.................................................................11
Elektromagnetische straling:.......................................................................................................11
Het model van Bohr als tussenstap:.............................................................................................12
Golfmechanica van Schrödinger:.................................................................................................12
Het golfmechanisme atoommodel voor het waterstofatoom:....................................................12
Picturale voorstelling van orbitalen:............................................................................................14
Atomen met meer dan één e-:.....................................................................................................16
Opvullen van orbitalen: het Aufbau-principe:..............................................................................16
Atoomafmeting:...........................................................................................................................17
COMBINATIES VAN ATOMEN: VERBINDINGEN:...................................................................................18
Formules en namen:........................................................................................................................18
Moleculen en ionen:....................................................................................................................18
Empirische formule – minimale formule:.....................................................................................18
Stofhoeveelheid – terminologie:..................................................................................................18
Thermochemie:................................................................................................................................19
Voorafgaande begrippen:............................................................................................................19
Temperatuur (T) – warmte (Q):...................................................................................................19
Thermochemische vergelijkingen:...............................................................................................19
Wet van Hess:..............................................................................................................................20
Vormingsenthalpie :.....................................................................................................................20
1
, Bindingsenergie (D):.....................................................................................................................20
Ionbinding:.......................................................................................................................................21
Ionenstraal:..................................................................................................................................21
Ionisatie-energie (Ei) – ionisatie-enthalpie (:................................................................................21
Elektronenaffiniteit (Eea) en -affiniteitsenthalpie (:......................................................................21
Ionbinding:...................................................................................................................................22
Roosterenthalpie (:......................................................................................................................22
Born-Habercyclus:........................................................................................................................22
Covalente binding:...........................................................................................................................23
Covalente binding:.......................................................................................................................23
Molecuulorbitaaltheorie:.............................................................................................................23
Lewisstructuur – Oxidatiegetal – formele lading:........................................................................27
Polyatomaire systemen:..............................................................................................................28
Ruimtelijke structuur:..................................................................................................................30
Hybridisatie:.................................................................................................................................31
Dipolaire binding:............................................................................................................................33
Dipolaire binding: coödinaatcomplexen:.....................................................................................33
Geometrie van coördiantieverbindingen:....................................................................................33
Ligandveldteorie:.........................................................................................................................34
Absorbantiespectra van complexen:............................................................................................35
Complexvorming in biologische systemen:..................................................................................35
COMBINATIES VAN VERBINDINGEN:...................................................................................................36
Reacties tussen deeltjes:..................................................................................................................36
chemische vergelijkingen:............................................................................................................36
Berekeningen i.v.m. chemische vergelijkingen:...........................................................................36
Rendement van een reactie:........................................................................................................36
Types chemische reacties:...........................................................................................................36
Reacties in oplossing:...................................................................................................................37
Concentratiegrootheden:............................................................................................................39
Stoichiometrie van reacties in oplossing:.....................................................................................40
Volumetrische analyse (matanalyse, volumetrie):.......................................................................40
Krachten tussen deeltjes – Aggregatietoestanden:.........................................................................41
Intermoleculaire aantrekkingskrachten:......................................................................................41
De gastoestand:...........................................................................................................................43
Vloeibare toestand:.....................................................................................................................44
Vaste toestand:............................................................................................................................45
2
, Het toestandsdiagram:................................................................................................................46
Oplossingen:....................................................................................................................................47
Aard van oplossingen:..................................................................................................................47
Oplosproces:................................................................................................................................47
Hydratie van ionen:......................................................................................................................48
Oplossingsenthalpie:....................................................................................................................48
De rol van het oplosmiddel bij het oplossen van ionaire bestanddelen:.....................................49
Invloed van druk en temperatuur op de oplosbaarheid:.............................................................49
De dampdruk van oplossingen:....................................................................................................50
Kookpuntsverhoging en vriespuntsverlaging - Colligatieve eigenschappen:................................51
Osmose:.......................................................................................................................................51
Colligatieve eigenschappen van elektrolytoplossingen:...............................................................52
Activiteit en concentratie – activiteitscoëfficient:........................................................................52
Destillatie van oplossingen:.........................................................................................................53
Azeotrope mengsels :..................................................................................................................54
Colloïden of colloïdale mengsels:.................................................................................................54
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