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Samenvatting chemie en maatschappij: 1e semester (1e BACH CH, Ugent)
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Chemie en maatschappij:Inhoud
WATER..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Water 1: karakteristieken: .................................................................................................................. 7
Water en leven:................................................................................................................................... 7
De unieke karakteristieken van water: ........................................................................................... 7
Waterstofbrug:................................................................................................................................ 7
Water voor consumptie: ................................................................................................................. 7
Overconsumptie:............................................................................................................................. 8
Waterige oplossingen: .................................................................................................................... 8
Waterzuivering:............................................................................................................................... 9
Ontzilting van water:....................................................................................................................... 9
Water 2: zure oceanen, zure regen, verstoorde kringlopen:............................................................ 10
Verzuring van de oceanen: ........................................................................................................... 10
Herstel van oceanen?.................................................................................................................... 10
De PH van regen:........................................................................................................................... 11
Oorzaak van de lage pH van regen: .............................................................................................. 11
SO2 origine: ................................................................................................................................... 11
NOx origine: ................................................................................................................................... 11
N2 kringloop: ................................................................................................................................. 11
Gevolg: verstoorde N2 kringloop:.................................................................................................. 12
Antropogene vs. Natuurlijke SO2 en NOx: ..................................................................................... 13
Antropogene SO2 en NOx: ............................................................................................................. 13
ENERGIE ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Energie en verbranding:.................................................................................................................... 14
Energie en verbranding: ................................................................................................................ 14
Energie en verbranding: steenkool: .............................................................................................. 14
Energie en verbranding: petroleum: ............................................................................................. 15
Energie en verbranding: biobrandstoffen:.................................................................................... 16
AARDE ................................................................................................................................................... 17
Geologie is …: .................................................................................................................................... 17
Systeem aarde:.............................................................................................................................. 17
Aardse cylci: .................................................................................................................................. 17
Platentektoniek: motor van alle geologische processen: ............................................................. 17
Cosmologische nucleosynthese: ....................................................................................................... 18
1
, Vorming elementen ...................................................................................................................... 19
Volgende generatie sterren: ......................................................................................................... 19
Wanneer vorige op: ...................................................................................................................... 19
Explosieve nucleosynthese ............................................................................................................... 19
Wanneer alles op is: ...................................................................................................................... 19
Verdere nucleosynthese: .............................................................................................................. 20
Nucleosynthese in de interstellaire ruimte: ..................................................................................... 21
Li, Be, B: ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Abundanties van de elementen in het zonnestelsel:.................................................................... 21
Ontstaan zonnestelsel en verdeling van de elementen: .................................................................. 21
Ontstaan zonnestelsel:.................................................................................................................. 22
T-Tauri fase: .................................................................................................................................. 22
Vorming planeten: ........................................................................................................................ 22
Aarde in het zonnestelsel:............................................................................................................. 22
De zon: .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Asteroïden, meteorieten, kometen: ............................................................................................. 23
Meteorieten: ................................................................................................................................. 23
Chondrieten: ................................................................................................................................. 23
Cl chondrieten: .............................................................................................................................. 24
Aarde: samenstelling en differentiatie: ........................................................................................ 24
Verdeling elementen in/op aarde:................................................................................................ 24
Dichtheid aarde uit golfsnelheden:............................................................................................... 25
Vorming en differentiatie aarde: .................................................................................................. 25
De maan: ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Verdere differentiatie: .................................................................................................................. 26
Gesteenten en mineralen: ................................................................................................................ 26
Gesteenten:................................................................................................................................... 26
Graniet: ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Mineralen: ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Eenheidscel: .................................................................................................................................. 27
14 Bravais roosters:....................................................................................................................... 28
7 symmetrieklassen: ..................................................................................................................... 28
7 kristallofrafische systemen: ....................................................................................................... 29
Mineralen kristalliseren uit: .......................................................................................................... 29
Kristalvorm: ................................................................................................................................... 29
Habitus vs. Kristalstelsel:............................................................................................................... 30
2
, Tweelingen: ................................................................................................................................... 30
Eigenschappen mineralen: ............................................................................................................ 30
Andere karakteristieken:............................................................................................................... 31
Silica tetraëder: ............................................................................................................................. 31
Soorten silicaten ........................................................................................................................... 32
Magmatische gesteenten: classificatie: ........................................................................................ 33
LUCHT:................................................................................................................................................... 35
Vorming van Ozon:............................................................................................................................ 35
Hoe ontstaat Ozon: ....................................................................................................................... 35
De zon: elektromagnetisch spectrum: .......................................................................................... 35
Fotodissociatie: ............................................................................................................................. 35
Potentiële energiecurve voor O2:.................................................................................................. 35
Absorpties van zonlicht in UV: ...................................................................................................... 35
Het belang van ozon: ........................................................................................................................ 36
De zon: .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Het elektromagnetisch spectrum: ................................................................................................ 36
De zonnestraling: .......................................................................................................................... 36
Ozon en UV straling: ..................................................................................................................... 36
UV index: ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Een beetje geschiedenis…: ................................................................................................................ 37
Ontdekking: ................................................................................................................................... 37
Eerste waarnemingen: .................................................................................................................. 37
Verticale verdeling van ozon in de atmosfeer: ............................................................................. 38
Transport in de atmosfeer: ............................................................................................................... 38
Dynamische structuur van de atmosfeer:..................................................................................... 38
Globale ozonverdeling: hoe het was: ........................................................................................... 39
Seizoensvariaties van ozon: .......................................................................................................... 39
Ozon destructie?: .............................................................................................................................. 39
Chapman cyclus: ........................................................................................................................... 39
Ozon regimes: ............................................................................................................................... 39
Voorbij chapman: Crutzen, Molina and Rowland: ............................................................................ 39
Probleem met Chapman: .............................................................................................................. 39
Oorsprong van radicalen X?: ......................................................................................................... 40
Lange termijn ozon afname: ......................................................................................................... 40
CFK en halonen: ............................................................................................................................ 40
’03 depletion potential: ................................................................................................................ 40
3
, Antarctica: ......................................................................................................................................... 41
Ozon gat in Antarctica:.................................................................................................................. 41
Heterogene chemie op PSC: ......................................................................................................... 41
Ozon chemie op polaire gebieden: ............................................................................................... 41
N-Z asymmetrie:............................................................................................................................ 42
Toekomst van de ozonlaag? Montreal protocol en zijn gevolgen: ................................................... 42
Montreal protocol, adjustments and amendments: .................................................................... 42
Toekomst?:.................................................................................................................................... 43
Effect van Montreal Protocol: ....................................................................................................... 43
Ozon metingen:................................................................................................................................. 43
Effect: ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Wat zonder Montreal?:..................................................................................................................... 44
Effect?: .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Koppeling met klimaat: ..................................................................................................................... 44
Alles opgelost?: ............................................................................................................................. 44
Succes van Montreal Protocol: Ozon en klimaat: ......................................................................... 44
Koppeling tussen evolutie van ozon en klimaat: .......................................................................... 44
Huidige evidentie voor O3 herstel in de hoge stratosfeer: ........................................................... 44
Impact op ozon van verwachte toenames in serregassen:........................................................... 44
Serregassen en/of ODS?: .............................................................................................................. 45
N2O als ODS: .................................................................................................................................. 45
Feiten: ............................................................................................................................................... 46
IR absorptie: .................................................................................................................................. 46
Moleculaire structuur: .................................................................................................................. 46
Moleculaire vibratie: ..................................................................................................................... 47
Black body radiation: .................................................................................................................... 47
Emissie zon en aarde:.................................................................................................................... 47
Het broeikaseffect:........................................................................................................................ 47
Band saturatie effect: ................................................................................................................... 48
Radiative forcing: .......................................................................................................................... 48
Global warming potential: ............................................................................................................ 48
Energiebalans: ............................................................................................................................... 49
Feiten: ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Emissies: ........................................................................................................................................ 49
Feiten: ............................................................................................................................................... 50
Atmosferische concentratie: ......................................................................................................... 50
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