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Samenvatting chemie en maatschappij: 2e semester (1e BACH CH, Ugent)
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Chemie en maatschappijInhoudsopgave
Persistente Organische Polluenten (POP):.............................................................................................5
Dioxines en PCB’s:..................................................................................................................................6
Chemie – dioxines:.............................................................................................................................6
De 7 meest toxische dioxines:...........................................................................................................7
De 10 meest toxische furanen:..........................................................................................................7
Vorming:............................................................................................................................................7
PolyChloroBifenyls (PCB’s):................................................................................................................7
Geschiedenis:.....................................................................................................................................8
Toxische eigenschappen: dieren:.......................................................................................................8
Toxische eigenschappen: mensen:....................................................................................................9
Analyses – Dioxines/Furanen:............................................................................................................9
Blootstelling aan dioxines via voeding:............................................................................................10
Dioxines – Beleid:.............................................................................................................................10
Belgische dioxine crisis juni 1999:....................................................................................................10
Concentratieniveaus definities:.......................................................................................................10
Methode voor snelle screening:......................................................................................................10
Hormoon-ontregelaars:.......................................................................................................................11
Bewustmaking jaren ’90:.................................................................................................................11
Endocriene desrupting chemicals (EDC’s):.......................................................................................11
Complex oestrogeen receptor – Oestrdadiol (“vrouwelijk hormoon”):...........................................11
Effecten bij het wild levende dieren:...............................................................................................11
Effecten bij de mens:.......................................................................................................................11
Polyaromatische koolwaterstoffen (PAKs):..........................................................................................12
Algemeen:........................................................................................................................................12
Voorkomen:.....................................................................................................................................13
Benzo(a)pyreen:..............................................................................................................................13
Naam, formule, eigenschappen:..................................................................................................13
Blootstelling van de mens aan PAKs:...............................................................................................13
Schadelijkheid (toxiciteit):...............................................................................................................14
Carcinogene toxiciteit:.................................................................................................................14
Andere types van toxiciteit:.........................................................................................................14
Street drugs:........................................................................................................................................15
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, Bewustzijns-veranderende stoffen:.................................................................................................15
Mescaline:....................................................................................................................................15
LSD-25:.........................................................................................................................................15
Psilocine:......................................................................................................................................15
PCP, ketamine en lachgas:...........................................................................................................16
Hasj en marihuana:......................................................................................................................16
Bewustzijnsveranderende stoffen, Hallucinogenen Psychedelica:..............................................17
Synthetische cannabis:................................................................................................................17
Stimulerende stoffen:......................................................................................................................18
Cocaïne:.......................................................................................................................................18
Cocaïne-achtigen (geneesmiddelen):...........................................................................................18
Amfetamines:..............................................................................................................................18
Amfetamine-achtigen:.................................................................................................................19
Werking stimulerende stoffen:....................................................................................................19
Verdovende stoffen – Narcotica:.....................................................................................................20
Opiaten (uit opium):....................................................................................................................20
Opium tegen astma:....................................................................................................................20
Opium voor pasgeborenen:.........................................................................................................20
Van morfine naar heroïne:...........................................................................................................20
Heroïne verslaving:......................................................................................................................21
Opiaten in de geneeskunde:........................................................................................................21
Werking opiaten:.........................................................................................................................21
Synthetische opiaten (2017): Fentanyl en analogen:...................................................................21
Street drugs in het milieu (afvalwater-onderzoek):.....................................................................21
Oliën, Vetten, Lipiden:.........................................................................................................................22
Lipiden:............................................................................................................................................22
Oliën en vetten:...........................................................................................................................22
Vetzuren (verzadigd):...................................................................................................................22
Vetzuren (onverzadigd):..............................................................................................................23
Vetzuren (onverzadigd): trans-vetzuren:.....................................................................................24
Vetzuren (onverzadigd: essentiële vetzuren:...............................................................................25
Eigenschappen van oliën en vetten:............................................................................................25
In het lichaam:.............................................................................................................................26
Toepassingen:..............................................................................................................................26
Bederf van vet:.............................................................................................................................26
Chemische veranderingen bij verhitting van vetten:....................................................................26
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, Analyse van verhitte frituurvetten:..............................................................................................27
Toxicologie:..................................................................................................................................27
Lipiden: fosfolipiden:...................................................................................................................27
Lipiden: wassen:..........................................................................................................................28
lipiden vb. toepassing:.................................................................................................................28
Zepen en detergenten:........................................................................................................................28
Inleiding zepen:................................................................................................................................28
Saponines:...................................................................................................................................29
Zeep: chemie:..............................................................................................................................29
Zeep: werking:.............................................................................................................................29
Hardheid van water:....................................................................................................................30
Detergenten:................................................................................................................................30
Detergenten:................................................................................................................................30
Detergenten en biodegradeerbaarheid:......................................................................................31
Werking:......................................................................................................................................31
Vitamines:............................................................................................................................................33
inleiding:..........................................................................................................................................33
Vitamine A:......................................................................................................................................33
-caroteen:....................................................................................................................................34
Vitamine B:......................................................................................................................................34
Vitamine C:......................................................................................................................................35
Vitamine D:......................................................................................................................................36
Vitamine E:.......................................................................................................................................36
Vitamine K:......................................................................................................................................37
Vitamines en kanker:.......................................................................................................................38
Aanbevelingen:................................................................................................................................38
Natuurlijke toxinen:.............................................................................................................................39
Fototoxinen:....................................................................................................................................39
Glycoalkaloïden:..........................................................................................................................39
Giftige paddenstoelen: Agaritine:................................................................................................39
Anti-nutritionele factoren (ANF):.................................................................................................40
Controle en wetgeving:................................................................................................................40
Myco-toxinen:..................................................................................................................................41
Inleiding:......................................................................................................................................41
Aflatoxine:....................................................................................................................................41
Ergotoxine:...................................................................................................................................41
3
, Wettelijke maatregelen:..............................................................................................................41
Slotopmerkingen:........................................................................................................................42
Fyco-toxinen:...................................................................................................................................42
Inleiding:......................................................................................................................................42
Voedselveiligheid:................................................................................................................................43
EU regelgeving:................................................................................................................................43
Case studies:....................................................................................................................................43
Glycidamide in gefrituurd voedsel:..............................................................................................43
Migratie studies:..........................................................................................................................44
GMO’s detectie in soya:...............................................................................................................44
Kunststoffen:.......................................................................................................................................45
Soorten polymeren:.........................................................................................................................45
Thermoplasten:............................................................................................................................45
Thermoharders:...........................................................................................................................45
Elastomeren:................................................................................................................................45
Synthetische polymeren: bereiding:................................................................................................45
Polymerisatie:..............................................................................................................................45
Polycondensatie:..........................................................................................................................46
Polyadditie:..................................................................................................................................46
Voornaamste kunststoffen:.............................................................................................................46
LDPE (Lage Dichtheid Polyetheen):..............................................................................................46
HDPE (Hoge Dichtheid Polyetheen):............................................................................................47
PP (Polypropeen):........................................................................................................................47
PVC (Polyvinylchloride):...............................................................................................................47
PS (Polystyreen):..........................................................................................................................47
SB (Copolymeer butadieen en styreen):......................................................................................47
EPS (Expanded polystyreen … isomo):.........................................................................................47
PMMA (Polymetylmethacrylaat):................................................................................................47
Nylon (Polyamide):......................................................................................................................47
PET (Polyethyleentereftalaat):.....................................................................................................47
PC (Polycarbonaat):.....................................................................................................................47
PUR (polyurethaan):....................................................................................................................47
UP (onverzadigde polyesters):.....................................................................................................47
PF (Fenol – formaldehyde harsen):..............................................................................................47
PPTA (Poly-p-fenyleentereftaalamide):........................................................................................47
PTFE (Polytetrafluoretheen – Teflon):..........................................................................................48
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