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Samenvatting chemische structuren (1e BACH CH, Ugent)
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Chemische structurenInhoud
Atomen:.................................................................................................................................................5
Inleiding:............................................................................................................................................5
Atoombouw en atomaire systematiek:..........................................................................................5
Atomaire systematiek:...................................................................................................................5
Atomaire structuur:.......................................................................................................................5
Atomaire eigenschappen:..............................................................................................................6
Licht | theorie van Maxwell:..........................................................................................................6
Licht | kwantultheorie:..................................................................................................................6
Licht | atomaire energieschaal:.....................................................................................................6
Atomaire eigenschappen:..............................................................................................................6
Deeltjes zijn golven zijn deeltjes:...................................................................................................7
Atomaire eigenschappen:..............................................................................................................7
Atomen | observatie:.....................................................................................................................8
Nanomaterialen| observatie:........................................................................................................8
Atomaire structuur:...............................................................................................................................9
Atomen en ionen:..............................................................................................................................9
Golfmechanica:..............................................................................................................................9
Het elektron-in-een-doos | een modelsysteem:............................................................................9
Betekenis van de golffunctie:.......................................................................................................10
Het waterstofatoom:...................................................................................................................11
Atomaire systematiek:.................................................................................................................14
Kwantumsystemen met meer elektronen:..................................................................................14
Benaderende eigentoestanden:..................................................................................................15
Volgende elementen – poging 1:.................................................................................................16
Het Pauli principe:........................................................................................................................16
Moleculaire structuur:.........................................................................................................................19
Elektronische structuur van moleculen:..........................................................................................19
Chemische binding:......................................................................................................................19
Golfmechanica voor moleculen:..................................................................................................19
Het H2+ ion:...................................................................................................................................19
Meer-elektron moleculen:...........................................................................................................20
Koppeling van atomaire orbitalen:..............................................................................................20
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, Homonucleaire diatomaire moleculen:.......................................................................................21
Koppeling van atomaire obitalen:................................................................................................21
Heteronucleaire diatomaire moleculen:......................................................................................21
Chemische binding:......................................................................................................................21
Golfmechanica van moleculen:....................................................................................................21
Binding in groep 2 hybriden:........................................................................................................22
Binding in groep 3 hybriden:........................................................................................................24
Vereenvoudigde bindingsmodellen:............................................................................................25
Werkcollege voorbereiding:................................................................................................................27
Plaats + aantal valentie-elektronen:................................................................................................27
Kelukelé-Lewisstructuren:...............................................................................................................27
Stappenplan:................................................................................................................................27
Structuuranalyse:.............................................................................................................................28
Inleiding en constitutie-isomerie:........................................................................................................29
Inleiding:..........................................................................................................................................29
Vormen van isomerie – definities:...............................................................................................29
Constitutie-isomerie:.......................................................................................................................30
Ketenisomerie:.............................................................................................................................30
Plaatsisomerie:............................................................................................................................30
Functionele groepsisomerie:........................................................................................................30
Stereo-isomerie:..................................................................................................................................30
Inleiding:..........................................................................................................................................30
Oorsprong van stereo-isomerie:......................................................................................................30
Stereo-isomerie bij tetraëdrische omringing:..............................................................................30
Stereo-isomerie bij trigonaal planaire omringing:.......................................................................31
Enantiomerie:..................................................................................................................................31
Naamgeving van stereo-isomeren:..................................................................................................31
R/S CIP nomenclatuur van stereogene centra:............................................................................31
Z/E nomenclatuur voor stereo-isomeren die het gevolg zijn van tweevoudige bindingen:.........31
Stereo-isomerie in moleculen met meer dan 1 stereogeen centrum:.............................................32
Aantal stereo-isomeren en onderlinge relaties:...........................................................................32
Meso-vormen: afwijking van de 2n regel:....................................................................................33
Chiraliteit, prochiraliteit en topiciteit:.............................................................................................33
Impact van chiraliteit op molecuaire eigenschappen:.....................................................................33
Inleiding:......................................................................................................................................33
Interactie van chirale moleculen met gepolariseerd licht: de specifieke draaiing:......................34
2
, Biochemisch en biomedisch relevante voorbeelden:..................................................................35
Conformationele isomerie:..................................................................................................................35
Configuratie wordt conformatie: ethaan:........................................................................................35
Beschrijving van conformaties van organische moleculen:.............................................................35
Het gebruik van interne coördinaten:..........................................................................................35
De voorstelling van conformaties: de Newman-projectie:...........................................................36
Conformationele analyse: structuur en energetische aspecten van conformaties:.........................37
Inleiding: het conformationele energiediagram van ethaan:.......................................................37
Het conformationeel energiediagram van eenvoudige alkanen: propaan, butaan en pentaan:..37
Conformationele analyse van cyclische alkanen en hun derivaten:.................................................39
Inleiding:......................................................................................................................................39
Ringspanning:..............................................................................................................................39
Bijdragen tot ringspanning: de kleine ringen n = 3, 4 en 5:..........................................................40
Leven zonder ringspanning: cyclohexaan en de stoelconformatie:.............................................40
Conformatieanalyse van gesubstitueerde cyclohexanen:............................................................41
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