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Summary LAW OF PROPERTY LECTURE 8
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PROTECTION)AND)TERMINATION)OF)OWNERSHIP! If!ownership!or!entitlements!of!owner!of!a!thing!are!infringed!upon,!several!remedies!are!available!
!
! !
!!!! REMEDIES'FOR'PROTECTION'OF'
! ! OWNERSHIP'
3.'ENRICHMENT'
1.''REAL'REMEDIES'' 2.'DELICTUAL'REMEDIES'
REMEDIES''
• Purpose'of'these'remedies'is'to' • These'are'acLons'of'the' • These'remedies'are'aimed'at'the'
restore&physical&control&of'the'thing' owner'against'a'person' payment&of&compensa0on&by'a'
or'to'remove'any'infringement'of'the' aimed'at'compensa0on&for& person'who&was&enriched&at'the'
owner’s'exercise'of'his'enLtlements' damages&or&loss&to'the' expense'of'the'owner'without'a'legal'
to'the'thing' owner’s'property'resulLng' ground'for'enrichment'
from'unlawful'and'culpable'
acLons'of'such'person'
2'
©!Alda!Vorster! ! !
1.#REAL#REMEDIES
!
2.#DELICTUAL##REMEDIES#
! !REI$VINDICATIO; • These#remedies#differ#from#real#remedies#in#the#sense#that#they#do#not#aim#to#restore#physical#
!!!!!!!!
! !INTERDICT; control#over#a#thing,#but#they#are#aimed#at#a#person#in#order#to#claim#compensa9on#from#such#
! !
! !DECLARATORY*ORDER; person#for#damage#or#injury#that#owner#experienced#in#respect#of#his#property#as#a#result#of#the#
! !ACTIO&NEGATORIA ac=ons#of#the#person#
1.#ACTIO#AD#EXHIBENDUM# 2.#CONDUCTI0FURTIVA# 3.#ACTIO#LEGIS#AQUILIAE##
3.#ENRICHMENT##REMEDIES
REQUIREMENTS)FOR)ENRICHMENT!
1. Controller!must!have!been)enriched,!that!is!controller’s!estate!must! 27#
have!been!enlarged!!
• With!an!enrichment!action!the! 2. Owner!must!have!been!impoverished,!that!is!the!owner’s!estate!
owner!of!a!thing!can!claim!from! must!have!been!diminished!!
3. Enrichment)of)the)controller)must!have!been!at!he!expense)of)the)
the!controller!the!amount!with! owner’s)impoverishment!
DEFINITION:) which!the!controller’s!estate!has! 4. The!shift!in!value!must!have!been!without)legal)cause)(sine!causa)!
been!enriched!without!cause!if! –!means!that!there!may!not!have!been!any!legal!basis!for!the!shift!
5. The!owner)must)have)transferred)the)control)of)the)goods)to)the)
that!enrichment!was!the!result!of!
controller,!who!must!have!consumed)or)alienated)them)bona)
the!consumption!or!alienation!of! fide!
the!thing! 6. The)balance)of)the)purchase)price)for!which!the!controller!sold!
the!thing!for!and!which,!at!the!time!of!institution!of!the!condictio!
!
©!Alda!Vorster! ! sine!causa!remained)in)the)controller’s)possession!or!the!value!of!
!
the!goods!as!at!the!time!of!institution!of!the!condictio!can!be!claimed!
, REI)VINDICATIO:) !
)• Rei!vindicatio!is!the!action!whereby!an!owner!can!recover!an!existing!and!identifiable!thing!from!any! !!!!
person!who!is!exercising!unlawful!physical!control!over!it! ! !
!
• The!owner!of!a!thing!who!was!deprived!of!his!physical!control!of!the!thing!against!his!will!or!in!an!unlawful!way,!can!recover!it!from!any!controller,!
irrespective!of!the!fact!that!such!person!acquired!control!of!the!thing!in!good!faith!or!paid!for!it!
• NOTE:!the!owner!need!not!compensate!the!controller!for!the!money!he!paid!to!the!3rd!party!(Grosvenor)Motors)!
• This!remedy!is!based!on!the!principle!that!ownership!is!transferred!by!the!derivative!method!only!if!the!owner!intended!transferring!ownership!
• A!bona!fide!acquirer!(i.e.!a!person!who!buys!car!from!thief)!does!not!become!the!owner!since!owner!never!intended!to!transfer!ownership!to!him!
• In!this!case!owner!can!recover!the!thing!from!the!bona!fide!acquirer!with!the!rei!vindicatio!irrespective!of!the!money!paid!for!the!purchase!of!the!car!to!
the!thief!
• Reason!=!the!owner’s!real!right!to!thing!is!so!strong!that!the!thing!held!by!a!3rd!party!without!legal!cause,!can!be!recovered!by!the!owner!
• It!makes!no!difference!whether!the!owner!lost!control!involuntarily!or!if!he!transferred!it!to!another!in!terms!of!a!legal!cause!that!later!fell!away!
• It!is!not!necessary!for!the!owner!to!prove!the!thing!is!in!unlawful!control!!
• Rei!vindicatio!can!be!instituted!against!a!person!who!control!the!thing!without!the!owner’s!consent!
• It!can!be!instituted!in!respect!of!movable!or!immovable!property!–!in!the!case!of!immovable!property!it!takes!the!form!of!an!eviction!order!
• In!President)of)RSA)v)Mooderklip)Boerdery)(Pty)Ltd)2005)CC,)it!was!held!that!there!is!an!obligation!on!a!land!owner!to!prevent!the!unlawful!
occupation!of!her!land!and!that!the!obligation!to!remove!unlawful!occupiers!cannot!be!left!entirely!to!the!state.!
• Although!the!rei!vindicatio!is!usually!instituted!to!restore!the!thing!to!the!owner’s!physical!control,!it!can!in!exceptional!circumstances!be!used!by!the!
owner!to!claim!the!value!of!the!thing!at!the!time!of!institution!of!the!action!or!the!delivering!of!judgment!if!the!controller!fraudulently!alienated!or!
destroyed!the!thing!so!that!it!can!no!longer!be!recovered!
• Damages!can!be!claimed!with!the!rei!vindicatio!only!from!a!bona!fide!controller!in!the!exceptional!circumstances!of!the!fraudulent!alienation!or!
consumption!of!the!thing!by!such!bona!fide!controller!
• If!the!thing!is!lost!or!destroyed!through!negligence!–!the!value!of!the!thing!can!be!claimed!only!from!a!mala!fide!possessor!and!not!from!a!bona!fide!
possessor!
• The!rei!vindicatio!as!an!action!is!not!a!monetary!debt!or!claim!which!becomes!prescribed!after!3!years!
!
©!Alda!Vorster! ! !
Requirements!for!Rei!Vindicatio!
!
! 1.!!Ownership!
• Claimant!must!prove!that!he!is!owner!–!must!prove!this!on!a!balance!of!probabilities!
• In!Ebrahim)v)Deputy)Sheriff,)Durban)1961)(D))the!court!held!the!test!whether!the!claimant!has!discharged!the!onus!of!proving!his!
ownership!of!movable!property!which!is!not!in!his!possession!is!whether!in!the!result,!the!probabilities!are!balanced!in!his!favour.!!The!
strength!of!the!evidence!which!he!has!to!produce!to!succeed!depends!upon!the!circumstances!of!the!particular!case!
• Once!a!claimant!has!established!acquisition!of!ownership!on!a!balance!of!probabilities,!a!rebuttable!presumption!that!he!is!still!the!owner!is!
created!
• In!the!case!of!immovable!property!–!sufficient!to!prove!that!property!registered!in!name!of!claimant!
• In!case!of!movable!things!–!onus!is!much!heavier!since!there!is!a!presumption!that!the!person!who!is!in!physical!control!of!the!thing!is!also!the!
owner!
• To!satisfy!this!onus!of!proof,!claimant!will!have!to!rebut!this!presumption!
• Rei!vindication!not!available!to!leaseholder!of!a!registered!leasehold,!but!!statutory!measures!for!protection!exist!
!
2.!The!thing!exists!and!is!identifiable!
• thing!which!is!claimed!should!still!be!in!existence!in!some!shape!of!form!–!is!of!utmost!importance!that!thing!should!still!be!in!existence!as!an!
item!in!its!original!form!–!NOTE:!not!necessarily!in!the!same!condition!
• !re!requirement!of!identifiability:!!identification!should!be!sufficient!to!!prove!on!a!balance!of!probabilities!that!the!person!instituting!the!action!
is!the!owner!of!the!thing!
• If!the!thing!no!longer!exists,!owner!will!have!to!use!a!delictual!or!enrichment!action!
• In!exceptional!circumstances,!damages!can!be!claimed!this!action!
• If!the!thing!is!not!easily!identifiable!i.e.!it!is!mixed!with!other!things!–!rei!vindicatio!not!available!–!if!ownership!has!passed!because!of!mixing!i.e.!
in!the!case!of!money,!action!can!also!not!be!instituted!
!!!!
3.!Control!
• Claimant!must!prove!that!the!defendant!was!in!control!of!the!thing!at!the!time!the!action!was!instituted!(Mehlape)v)Minister)of)Safety)and)
Security)!
• NOTE:!it!is!not!necessary!for!owner!to!allege!and!prove!that!the!property!is!unlawfully!controlled!by!the!defendant!–!But!claimant!wont!be!
successful!with!rei!vindicatio!if!the!defendant!can!prove!that!he!was!lawfully!in!control!of!the!thing!
• Also!not!necessary!for!claimant!to!prove!defendant!had!limited!real!right!or!a!creditor’s!right!to!control!the!thing!which!has!lapsed!–!but!if!he!
does!aver!this!right!he!must!prove!that!the!right!in!terms!of!which!the!defendant!controlled!the!thing!has!lapsed!(Chetty)v)Naidoo)1974)(A);)De)
Villiers)v)Potgieter)2007)(SCA)))–)defendant!must!therefore!prove!that!he!was!lawfully!in!control!of!the!thing!at!the!time!of!institution!of!the!
action!–!but!if!claimant!avers!right!has!lapsed!he!must!prove!that! !
©!Alda!Vorster! !
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