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Summary LAW OF PROPERTY LECTURE 6
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!!!!!
WAYS%OF%ACQUIRING%OWNERSHIP%
! !
ORIGINAL( DERIVATIVE(
• Not(dependent(on(the(lawful(ownership(of(a(legal(predecessor(–(means( • Dependent(on(the(lawful(ownership(of(a(
that(the(benefits(and(obligaBons(of(the(previous(owner(are(not(usually( legal(predecessor(
passed(to(the(new(owner.( • Occurs(with(coFoperaBon(with(previous(
• No(coFoperaBon(from(previous(owner( owner(
• Since(no(previous(owner((legal(predecessor)(acquisiBon(of(ownership(
takes(place(through(appropriaBon((occupaBo)(of(a(thing(that(is(not(
owned((res(nullius)(or(of(a(thing(that(has(been(abandoned(by(its(owner(
(res(derelict)(
• In(certain(cases(there(is(a(legal(predecessor(who(is(owner,(but(
ownership(is(passed(to(the(new(owner(without(the(legal(predecessor’s(
coFoperaBon(i.e.(accession,(prescripBon(and(expropriaBon(–(acquisiBon(
of(ownership(takes(place(by(operaBon(of(the(law(and(ownership(is(not(
transferred((
2(
©!Alda!Vorster! ! !
!
Accession% Manufacture%
Appropriation%
% !!!!!!! % %
! !
WAYS%OF%ACQUIRING%OWNERSHIP%IN%THE%ORIGIINAL%
METHOD%
Mixing%of%solids/% Expropriation% Prescription%
fusing%of%liquids%
%
% ©!Alda!Vorster! ! !
, The$unilateral$exercising$of$physical)control)over%a%corporeal%
APPROPRIATION((OCCUPATIO)
!
thing&that&can&be&owned&(res&in&commercio)&but&which&is¬$
owned&by&anyone&(res%nullius%or%res%derelict)%with%the%
intention&of&becoming&the&owner
1.%Physical%control%(corpus)!
!!!!!!!
REQUIREMENTS 1.!PHYSICAL!CONTROL!(CORPUS)!
2.%With%the%intention%of%owner%(animus%domini)%
:" !
!
! • Physical!control!is!essential!for!the!acquisition!of!
ownership!by!means!of!appropriation!
• The!nature!of!the!physical!control!depends!on!the!
3.%Of%a%corporeal%thing%not%belonging%to%anyone% circumstances!of!each!case!and!the!nature!of!the!object!
! and!it!is%objectively%determined!
• The!acquirer!must!obtain!physical!control!with!the!
3.!!CORPOREAL!THING!WHICH!DOES!NOT!BELONG!TO!ANYONE! necessary!intention!(i.e.!intention!of!becoming!owner)!
• Distinction!must!be!made!between!things!which!are!not!owned%by%anyone%(res%nullius)!and!things!which!have!been! • NOTE:!control!need!not!be!lawful!–!although!the!
abandoned%by%the%owner%(res%derelictae)! exercise!of!unlawful!physical!control!might!be!a!crime!
Things%with%no%owners%(Res%nullius):%! he!controller!can!become!owner!of!the!object!i.e.!in!
• Res!nullius!are!things!with!no!owners,!they!are!things!which!can!be!owned!but!which!are!not!owned!by!anyone!at!a! case!of!pornographic!material;!i.e.!2.!a!person!who!has!
particular!moment!–!ownership!of!these!things!can!be!acquired!by!appropriation! no!right!to!hunt!because!he!has!no!licence!to!shoot!
• All!creatures!wild!by!nature!\!!wild!animals,!birds,!fish,!insects,!reptiles!–!either!in!their!natural!state!(before!someone! certain!animals!or!where!certain!animals!are!protected!
has!control!of!them)!or!when!they!have!reverted!to!their!former!wild!state!(after!having!been!controlled!by!a!person!but! by!legislation!–!this!person!commits!a!crime!if!he!
have!escaped!and!cannot!be!caught!again)!are!regarded!as!res!nullius! shoots!such!an!animal!but!he!will!nevertheless!become!
• NOTE:!wild!animals!that!have!been!tamed!are!an!exception!–!they!remain!the!property!of!the!owner!until!they!lose!the! owner!of!the!dead!animal!by!appropriation;!i.e3.!where!
habit!of!returning!–!then!they!become!res!nullius!again! an!animal!is!wounded!but!actual!physical!control!is!not!
• In!terms!of!sec%2(1)%of%the%Games%Theft%Act,!an!owner!of!wild!animals!held!for!commercial!or!hunting!purposes!on!land! taken!=!no!appropriation!–!if!a!person!wounds!an!
fenced!in!accordance!with!sec!2(2),!or!held!in!a!cage!or!kraal!or!vehicle!on!the!land,!does!not!lose!his!ownership!of!these! animal!and!another!catches!the!wounded!animal!or!
animals!should!they!escape!from!the!cage,!kraal!or!vehicle!or!be!removed!without!the!owners!permission! discovers!it!–!the!latter!person!acquires!ownership!(R%
• Domesticated!animals!are!animals!which!are!wild!by!nature,!but!which!are!owned!by!someone!because!they!are!in!the! v%Mafohla)!
habit!of!returning!to!the!owner!–!as!soon!as!they!no!longer!have!he!habit!of!returning,!they!are!no!longer!owned!and!can! Reck%v%Mills%1990%(A)!
be!appropriatedDomestic!animals!are!animals!which!are!not!in!the!eyes!of!the!community,!wild!animals!i.e.!dogs,!cats,! FACTS:!The!respondent!attached!a!rope!with!a!buoy!to!the!
parrots,!horses,!chickens,!sheep,!cattle!–!these!animals!remain!the!property!of!the!owner,!irrespective!of!where!they!are! condenser!of!a!shipwreck!to!indicate!that!he!had!physical!
–!they!cannot!be!appropriated,!except!where!the!owner!abandons!his!ownership!and!such!animals!become!res!derelictae!! control!over!the!condenser!for!the!purpose!of!salvaging!it.!
or!where!such!animals!become!so!wild!that!they!can!no!longer!be!regarded!as!domestic!animals!–!the!fruit!of!such! COURT!HELD:!The!rope!with!the!buoy!was!not!an!adequate!
animals!such!as!honey!from!bees!and!the!young!of!animals,!belong!to!the!owner!of!the!animals!by!appropriation! indication!of!the!physical!control!of!the!respondent!over!
• Renewable!or!replaceable!products!of!the!sea!have!no!owner!and!can!be!appropriated!i.e.!sea!grass,!shells,!shell!fish!but! the!condenser!since!control!must!place!the!controller!in!the!
NOTE:!substantial!parts!of!the!sea!or!shore!belong!to!the!public!–!res!publicae! position!where!he!can!use!the!thing!as!he!wishes.!An!
Things%that%have%been%abandoned%(res%derelictae):! indication!of!physical!control!would!have!been!the!
• Abandoned!things!are!lost!or!thrown!away!by!the!previous!owner!with!the!intention!of!renouncing!his!ownership.!!In! loosening!of!the!condenser!from!the!wreck!and!the!
these!circumstances!ownership!can!be!acquired!by!appropriationA!lost!thing!(res!deperditae)!however!is!not!a!res! subsequent!attachment!of!the!buoy!to!the!condenser!
nullius!as!owner!has!never!abandoned!thing!and!it!remains!the!property!of!the!owner!for!as!long!as!it!is!his!intention!to! !
retain!ownershipNOTE:!the!intention!to!abandon!a!thing!is!not!lightly!assumed!when!the!thing!is!lost!
• i.e.!if!a!ship’s!cargo!is!thrown!overboard!during!a!storm,!this!is!not!an!intention!to!abandon!the!cargo!but!rather!an! 2.!!INTENTION!OF!OWNER!(ANIMUS!DOMINI)!
attempt!to!lighten!the!shipA!shipwreck!that!has!not!been!salvaged!by!its!owner!is!a!good!example!of!a!res!derelictae! Physical!control!must!be!exercised!with!the!intention!
• Legal!position!of!shipwrecks!determined!by!the!Wreck%and%Salvage%Act%94%of%1996%–!act!provides!for!the!application!of! of!becoming!owner!
©!Alda!Vorster!
the!International%Convention%of%Salvage%of%1989! ! !
!
• In!some!cases!things!do!not!become!res!derelictae!after!being!abandoned!by!their!owner!but!become!property!of!the!
state!i.e.!assets!of!company!not!transferred!at!time!of!dissolution!of!company!
!
! ACCESSION((ACCESSIO)
• Accession!takes!place!when!2!corporeal!things!or!parts!of!things!(usually!a!principal!and!accessory!thing)!are!combined!either!through!human!activities!
or!natural!processes!in!such!!a!way!that!the!one!thing!or!part!of!a!thing!loses!its!physical!or!economic!independence!and!becomes!a!component!of!another!
thing!
• The!thing!which!remains!essentially!independent!is!called!the!principal!thing,!while!the!thing!which!is!merged!or!combined!in!such!a!way!that!it!loses!its!
independence,!is!called!the!accessory!thing!
• The!owner!of!the!principal!becomes!the!owner!of!the!new!thing!by!operation!of!the!law!without!him!necessarily!being!aware!of!the!accession!
!
!!!!!
! !
PASSING%OF%OWNERSHIP%
THROUGH%ACCESSION%TAKES%
PLACE%ONLY%IF!
NOTE:!strictly!speaking:!accession!is!not!a!way!in!which!
ownership!passes!from!one!owner!to!another!but!rather!
a!process!by!which!the!accessory!thing!loses!its!
independence!and!the!principal!thing!is!extended!as!a!
result!of!the!merger!–!as!this!takes!place!without!the!co\
operation!of!the!owner!of!the!accessory!thing!it!is!
regarded!as!original!acquisition!of!ownership! 1. The%composite%thing%is%not%easily%divisible%!
! 2. The%principal%and%accessory%things%can%be%
distinguished!
3. The%accession%does%not%amount%to%manufacture%
(specification)!
TEST:%!
• For!determining!which!is!principal!thing!and!which!is!accessory!thing!=!based!on!the!
question!of!which!thing!has%lost%its%independence%(accessory!thing)!and!has!
Ownership!of!the!accessory!thing!is!not! become%part%of%the%other%thing%(principal!thing)!
transferred!by!the!accessory!thing!becomes!part! • Other!factors!are!also!taken!into!account!–!such!as!which!has!the!greater!mass!
of!the!composite!thing!and!is!no!longer!and! (principal!thing)!or!value!(principal!thing)!and!which!serves!merely!as!decoration!
independent!object!capable!of!being!owned.! (accessory!thing)!
! !
NOTE:!in!the!case!of!immovable!property!–!land!is!ALWAYS!the!principal!thing!and!the!
©!Alda!Vorster! things!attached!are!accessory!except!in!the!case!of!sectional!title!ownership.!
! !
!
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