Vak inleiding statistiek van de premaster Klinische Gezondheidswetenschappen. Zie inhoudsopgave voor alle onderdelen. Ik heb alle onderdelen behandeld die in de cursus ''inleiding statistiek'' aan bod komen.
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1........................................................................................................................................5
Kwantitatief ....................................................................................................................................5
Categorisch. ....................................................................................................................................5
- Staafdiagram; ..........................................................................................................................6
- Taartdiagram;..........................................................................................................................6
- Histogrammen; .......................................................................................................................7
- Stipdiagram; ............................................................................................................................7
- Lijndiagram .............................................................................................................................7
Een stemplot maken; ......................................................................................................................8
Dotplot maken; ...............................................................................................................................8
Histogram maken;...........................................................................................................................9
Symmetrische verdeling ................................................................................................................ 10
Uitbijters....................................................................................................................................... 10
Hoofdstuk 2......................................................................................................................................11
Gemiddelde .................................................................................................................................. 11
Mediaan ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Spreidingsmaten ........................................................................................................................... 11
Standaarddeviatie / standaardafwijking ........................................................................................ 11
Mediaan en kwartielen bij boxplots .............................................................................................. 12
Hoofdstuk 3......................................................................................................................................14
Spreidingsdiagram ........................................................................................................................ 14
Interpreteren van een spreidingsdiagram...................................................................................... 14
Correlatie coëfficiënt .................................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 4......................................................................................................................................18
Lineaire regressie .......................................................................................................................... 18
Richtingscoëfficiënt berekenen ..................................................................................................... 18
Wat doe je met lineaire regressie? ................................................................................................ 19
Als je een regressie lijn hebt geschat… .......................................................................................... 20
Hoofdstuk 5......................................................................................................................................21
Kruistabellen ................................................................................................................................. 21
Marginale verdeling ...................................................................................................................... 21
Grand total:............................................................................................................................... 21
Conditionele verdeling .................................................................................................................. 22
Simpson’s paradox ........................................................................................................................ 22
Simultane verdeling ...................................................................................................................... 22
2
,Hoofdstuk 9......................................................................................................................................23
Willekeurige gebeurtenis en de kans op een willekeurige gebeurtenis .......................................... 23
Kansmodel .................................................................................................................................... 23
Discrete variabele ......................................................................................................................... 23
Continue variabele ........................................................................................................................ 23
Kans regels ................................................................................................................................ 23
Twee gebeurtenissen ............................................................................................................... 24
Continue variabelen .................................................................................................................. 25
Risico en de odds ...................................................................................................................... 25
Hoofdstuk 11 ....................................................................................................................................26
Normaal verdeling ........................................................................................................................ 26
De 68-95-99.7 verdeling ................................................................................................................ 26
De standaard normaal verdeling ................................................................................................... 27
Z-score interpreteren .................................................................................................................... 28
Tabel B gebruiken ......................................................................................................................... 29
Normal quantile plot ..................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 12 ....................................................................................................................................31
Binomiale verdeling ...................................................................................................................... 31
Binomiale parameters ................................................................................................................... 31
Binomiale coëfficiënt .................................................................................................................... 31
Binomiale gemiddelde en een variantie/SD uitrekenen ................................................................. 32
Binominale verdeling omzetten naar een normale verdeling! .................................................... 33
Hoofdstuk 13 ....................................................................................................................................35
Normaal verdeelde populaties ...................................................................................................... 36
Centrale limiet .............................................................................................................................. 37
Binomiale verdeling ...................................................................................................................... 39
De wet van de grote aantallen ...................................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................41
Inferentiële statistiek .................................................................................................................... 41
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval ............................................................................................................. 42
De margin of error ........................................................................................................................ 44
Significante testen ........................................................................................................................ 46
Nul en alternatieve hypotheses ..................................................................................................... 47
P-waarden .................................................................................................................................... 48
Significantieniveau (alfa) ............................................................................................................... 49
Z-toets .......................................................................................................................................... 49
3
, Tabel C .......................................................................................................................................... 50
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval en toetsen ........................................................................................... 50
Hoofdstuk 15 ....................................................................................................................................52
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval in de praktijk........................................................................................ 52
Concrete stappen BHI uitrekenen: ............................................................................................. 53
TYPE 1 FOUT ................................................................................................................................. 56
TYPE 2 FOUT ................................................................................................................................. 56
Onderscheidend vermogen betekenis ........................................................................................... 57
Power van een toets ..................................................................................................................... 57
Het onbetrouwbaarheid, alfa .................................................................................................... 59
Multipele testen ........................................................................................................................... 60
Opmerkingen bij de Z-toets ........................................................................................................... 60
Hoofdstuk 17 ....................................................................................................................................62
T-toets .......................................................................................................................................... 62
Onzekerheid T en S ....................................................................................................................... 62
Vrijheidsgraden............................................................................................................................. 63
Vrijheidsgraden bij een t-toets met 2 steekproeven .................................................................. 63
De T-verdeling............................................................................................................................... 63
SD versus standaardfout ............................................................................................................... 65
SRS (simple random sample) ..................................................................................................... 65
T-verdeling .................................................................................................................................... 67
Eenzijdige T-test ........................................................................................................................... 69
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval T-toets ................................................................................................. 70
Vrijheidsgraden uitrekenen ........................................................................................................... 70
Gepaarde t-toets ........................................................................................................................... 70
Robuustheid T-toets. ..................................................................................................................... 71
Vuistregels T-verdeling: ............................................................................................................. 71
Toetsen – verschillende manieren ................................................................................................. 73
Hoofdstuk 18 ....................................................................................................................................75
Toetsen van twee steekproefgemiddelden met een onbekende SD sigma. .................................... 75
T-toets met twee onafhankelijke steekproeven............................................................................. 75
T-toets met twee onafhankelijke steekproeven. ............................................................................ 77
BHI voor verschil in gemiddelden twee onafhankelijke steekproeven ........................................ 78
Z-score berekenen ........................................................................................................................ 78
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval uitrekenen twee onafhankelijke steekproeven VOORBEELD ............. 79
ROBUUSTHEID T-TOETSEN ............................................................................................................ 80
4
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