Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics (202001402)
Class notes
Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics - Test 2 - Notes 2/2 - GRADE: 8.8
34 views 0 purchase
Course
Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics (202001402)
Institution
Universiteit Twente (UT)
Book
The Practice of Social Research
This is 2/2 of my EXTENSIVE notes for Test 2 for the pre-master course Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics on the University of Twente. With these notes, and the first part, you have a good knowledge to pass the second exam. I passed my exam with a 8.8! These notes consists of Units 19...
Summary test 1 Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics - Premaster Business Administration 2024/2025 - University of Twente
Pre-master Psychology - Research Methodology & Descriptive Statistics Summary Units test 1
Summary test 2 Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics - Premaster Business Administration - University of Twente
All for this textbook (17)
Written for
Universiteit Twente (UT)
Premaster Business Administration
Research Methodology and Descriptive Statistics (202001402)
All documents for this subject (5)
Seller
Follow
Jhamel
Content preview
Inhoudsopgave
Unit 19 - Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Sampling .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Sample and population ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Non probability sampling ................................................................................................................................... 8
Unit 20 – First steps towards inference: certainty about means .................................................................... 10
The sampling distribution ................................................................................................................................. 10
The central limit theorem ................................................................................................................................. 10
What is inferential statistics ............................................................................................................................. 11
Sampling distribution version 3 ........................................................................................................................ 12
Confidence intervals .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Paper; Analyzing data using linear models ...................................................................................................... 19
Q&A – Unit 19 & 20 ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Unit 19 - Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 23
Unit 20: certainty about the means ........................................................................................................... 25
Unit 21- First steps towards inference: effects and significance .................................................................. 31
First steps towards inference: certainty about means / the t-distribution..................................................... 31
First steps towards inference: certainty about slopes – Inference for slopes ................................................. 33
The regression line ............................................................................................................................................ 35
The regression equation ................................................................................................................................... 38
The regression model ........................................................................................................................................ 40
Analysing data using linear models - source.................................................................................................... 45
Unit 22 – Research ethics: ethics in social science research......................................................................... 46
Q&A 4/11/2021: Unit 21, 22, practise test 2 .............................................................................................. 48
>> Elaboration models: unit 14, 16, 17 ....................................................................................................... 48
1
,Unit 19 - Sampling
Sampling
When sampling?
- If not all units mentioned in our research question can be studied, we need to
‘sample’
- Studying a smaller set of units with the aim to say something about all units
1. Population = ‘Dutch people between 18 and 65 in 2015’
2. Sampling frame = population registry
→ form which we can select individuals
3. Sample = ‘every 100th individual’
→ selection process
4. Studied units = people participating
→ everyone who wants to participate
5. Data on studied units = people answering a specific question
→ not everyone is willing to answer every question
What is sampling?
Sampling process
=
1. Population
2. Sampling frame
3. Sample
4. Interviewed sample
5. Data
→ the step between step 2 and step 3 = sampling!
Distortions in sampling process
- Relationship between step 1 and step 2 → distortions by registration errors
- Relationship between step 2 and step 3 → distortions by sampling error & bias
- Relationship between step 3 and step 4 → distortions by non-response and refusals
- Relationship between step 4 and step 5 → distortions by item non-response
→ response rate = interviewed sample size / sample size → the higher the better
(= relationship between step 3 and step 4)
Sampling procedures
2
, Is the chance that a specific unit from the sampling frame is included in the study, known?
So, do we know the chance that an individual is included in our sample?
o No = non-probability
o Yes = probability sampling
Non-probability sampling
o Convenience sampling
= interview a few people you happen to know
o Purposive (judgmental) sampling
= units to be observed are selected on the basis of the researcher’s judgement about
which one’s will be the most useful or representative
o Snowball sampling
= interviewed person may be asked to suggest additional people for interviewing
o Quota sampling
= units are selected into a sample on the basis of prespecified characteristics, so that
the total sample will have the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in
the population being studied
Example of non-probability sampling: opt-in survey of some newspaper.
- Only those that read the newspaper fill out the questionnaire
- Selected units do NOT necessarily reflect the population. The sample is probably
‘biased’
- Not everyone has an equal chance to be included in the sample
Probability sampling
o Simple random sampling
o Stratified sampling
o (multi-stage) cluster sampling
Example of simple random sample from the population registry
(e.g. every 100th individual or use a random number)
- Selected units reflect the population
- Everyone has a known chance of being included in the sample:
if every 100th individual the chance that you get included is 1%
Assessing sampling
We always make sampling mistakes
Two types of mistakes:
- Sampling bias (sampling invalidity)
- Sampling error (sampling unreliability)
Sampling bias
- Bias = not being typical for the population. Studying the wrong group of people
Example snowball sampling:
‘How many people in the Netherlands currently support the EU?’
3
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Jhamel. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.74. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
