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Samenvatting Differentiële Psychologie
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Deze samenvatting is geschreven op basis van de lessen van Differentiële Psychologie van G. Rossi.
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Inhoudsopgave
1. Inleiding Persoonlijkheidspsychologie .................................................................................................... 4
I. Klassieke theorieën..................................................................................................................................... 4
II. Hedendaags onderzoek naar de persoonlijkheid ....................................................................................... 4
III. Kennis domein........................................................................................................................................ 5
a) 6 kennis domeinen ................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Persoonlijkheidtrekken over de tijd: Stabiliteit versus verandering......................................................... 6
I. Conceptuele begrippen .............................................................................................................................. 7
a) Wat is persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling? ................................................................................................... 7
b) Twee vormen van stabiliteit .................................................................................................................. 7
c) Persoonlijkheidsverandering: Twee definiërende kwaliteiten .............................................................. 8
II. 3 niveaus van analyse ................................................................................................................................ 8
III. Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd ............................................................................... 9
a) Stabiliteit van temperament gedurende de eerste levensjaren (baby en peutertijd ‘infancy’) ............ 9
b) Stabiliteit doorheen de kinderjaren (childhood) ................................................................................. 10
c) Rangordestabiliteit in de volwassenheid ............................................................................................. 12
d) Gemiddelde niveau stabiliteit in volwassenheid ................................................................................. 13
e) Persoonlijkheidsverandering: enkele aspecten die meer opvallend veranderen ................................ 14
f) Intermezzo ........................................................................................................................................... 15
g) Persoonlijkheidsverandering ............................................................................................................... 16
h) Voorspelbare veranderingen volgens toenemende leeftijd (samenvatting) ....................................... 17
IV. Persoonlijkheidsverandering: Cohorte effecten: Is de jongere generatie narcistischer? ..................... 17
i) Cohorte effect: Assertiviteit van vrouwen in reactie op veranderingen in sociale status en rollen .... 18
V. Persoonlijkheidsverandering voorspellen ................................................................................................. 18
VI. Tussen stabiliteit en vernadering: Persoonlijkheidsfluctuatie .............................................................. 18
VII. Samenvatting ....................................................................................................................................... 19
1. Genen en persoonlijkheid ..................................................................................................................... 19
I. Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 19
a) Het menselijk genoom ......................................................................................................................... 20
II. Begrippen en doel van gedragsgenetica .................................................................................................. 20
a) Controverses over genen en persoonlijkheid ...................................................................................... 21
b) Doelen van gedragsgenetica ................................................................................................................ 21
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, c) Wat is erfelijkheid/overerfbaarheid? .................................................................................................. 21
d) Misvattingen over erfelijkheid ............................................................................................................. 22
e) Nature – Nurture debat (Omgeving vs. Erfelijkheid) ........................................................................... 22
III. Methodes ............................................................................................................................................. 22
a) Kwantitatieve methoden in gedragsgenetica ...................................................................................... 22
IV. Belangrijkste bevindingen .................................................................................................................... 25
a) Persoonlijkheidstrekken ...................................................................................................................... 25
b) Attituden en voorkeuren ..................................................................................................................... 26
c) Drinken en roken ................................................................................................................................. 27
d) Huwelijk ............................................................................................................................................... 27
2. Omgevingsinvloeden ............................................................................................................................ 27
3. Genen en de omgeving: twee belangrijke aandachtspunten ................................................................. 27
I. Genotype-omgevingsinteractie ................................................................................................................ 28
II. Genotype-omgevingscorrelatie ................................................................................................................ 29
III. Invloed van omgeving op genexpressie: .............................................................................................. 29
4. Moleculaire genetica ............................................................................................................................ 30
5. Gedragsgenetica, wetenschap, politiek en waarden ............................................................................. 31
6. Samenvatting ....................................................................................................................................... 31
7. Fysiologische benaderingen van persoonlijkheid (nog steeds biologische domein) ............................... 31
I. Inleiding, begrippen en geschiedenis ....................................................................................................... 32
a) Fysiologische systemen........................................................................................................................ 32
b) Fysiologische parameters .................................................................................................................... 34
II. Veel gebruikte fysiologische maten in persoonlijkheidsonderzoek .......................................................... 34
a) Elektrodermale respons/activiteit ....................................................................................................... 34
b) Cardiovasculaire activiteit.................................................................................................................... 34
c) Hersenactiviteit.................................................................................................................................... 35
d) Andere metingen: ................................................................................................................................ 37
III. Persoonlijkheidsdimensies (-en theorieën) met fysiologisch substraat/basis ...................................... 38
a) Extraversie – introversie ...................................................................................................................... 38
b) Gevoeligheid voor beloning en straf .................................................................................................... 39
c) Sensatiezucht (sensation seeking) ....................................................................................................... 41
d) Neurotransmitters en persoonlijkheid ................................................................................................ 42
e) Ochtend en avondtype ........................................................................................................................ 42
f) Hersenasymmetrie en affectieve stijl .................................................................................................. 43
8. Evolutionaire benadering van persoonlijkheid (biologische domein)..................................................... 45
I. Evolutietheorie ......................................................................................................................................... 45
a) Basistheorie en principes ..................................................................................................................... 45
b) Producten van evolutionaire processen .............................................................................................. 48
II. Evolutionaire psychologie ........................................................................................................................ 49
III. 3 domeinen van toepassing ................................................................................................................. 50
a) Menselijke natuur ................................................................................................................................ 51
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, b) Geslachtsverschillen ............................................................................................................................ 53
c) Individuele verschillen ......................................................................................................................... 54
IV. Beperkingen van evolutionaire benadering ......................................................................................... 56
1. Intelligentie .......................................................................................................................................... 57
I. Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 58
II. Waarom is intelligentie belangrijk? ......................................................................................................... 58
III. Wat is intelligent zijn?.......................................................................................................................... 58
IV. Definitie van intelligentie ..................................................................................................................... 59
V. Impliciete intelligentietheorieën .............................................................................................................. 59
VI. Benaderingen en geschiedenis van intelligentie .................................................................................. 60
a) Psychometrisch .................................................................................................................................... 60
b) Cognitief-ervaringsgericht ................................................................................................................... 66
c) Biologisch ............................................................................................................................................. 66
VII. Intelligentietesten ................................................................................................................................ 68
a) Stanford-Binet test .............................................................................................................................. 68
b) Wechsler schalen: voorbeeld WAIS-IV................................................................................................. 68
c) Progressieve matrices van Raven (algemene intelligentie) ................................................................. 76
d) Moderne intelligentie testen: STAT ..................................................................................................... 76
e) Moderne intelligentietesten: CAS........................................................................................................ 77
VIII. Genetica, omgeving en etnische/ras verschillen in intelligentie .......................................................... 78
1. Persoonlijkheid en emoties .................................................................................................................. 81
I. Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 81
II. Twee belangrijke topics ............................................................................................................................ 82
a) Emotionele toestand vs trek ................................................................................................................ 82
b) Categorische vs dimensionale benadering van emoties ...................................................................... 82
c) Alternatief perspectief ......................................................................................................................... 84
III. Inhoud en stijl ...................................................................................................................................... 84
a) Positieve emoties................................................................................................................................. 85
b) Negatieve emoties ............................................................................................................................... 87
IV. Emotionele stijl .................................................................................................................................... 90
1. Persoonlijkheid en sociale interactie..................................................................................................... 93
I. 3 sleutelmechanismen om te begrijpen hoe de persoonlijkheid de situatie beïnvloed: ........................... 93
a) Selectie ................................................................................................................................................ 93
b) Evocatie ............................................................................................................................................... 97
c) Manipulatie........................................................................................................................................ 100
1. Geslacht, gender en persoonlijkheid ................................................................................................... 104
I. Wat betekent het man of vrouw te zijn? ................................................................................................ 104
II. De studie van geslachtsverschillen ......................................................................................................... 104
III. Geschiedenis van de studie van de geslachtsverschillen .................................................................... 105
IV. Effect grootte: hoe groot zijn de verschillen? .................................................................................... 105
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, V. Minimalisten en maximalisten ............................................................................................................... 106
VI. Theorieën van geslachtsverschillen.................................................................................................... 107
a) Socialisatie en sociale rollen .............................................................................................................. 107
b) Hormonale theorieën ........................................................................................................................ 108
c) Evolutionaire psychologische theorieën ............................................................................................ 109
d) Een geïntegreegd theoretisch perpectief .......................................................................................... 109
VII. Geslachtsverschillen in persoonlijkheid: Temperamenten bij kinderen ............................................. 109
VIII. Geslachtsverschillen in persoonlijkheid.............................................................................................. 110
a) Extraversie ......................................................................................................................................... 110
b) Vriendelijkheid ................................................................................................................................... 110
c) Agressie.............................................................................................................................................. 110
d) Gewetensvolheid ............................................................................................................................... 111
e) Emotionele stabiliteit......................................................................................................................... 111
f) Openheid ........................................................................................................................................... 111
IX. 16 PF .................................................................................................................................................. 112
X. Emoties: frequentie en intensiteit .......................................................................................................... 112
XI. Geslachtsverschillen bij depressie ...................................................................................................... 113
XII. Geslachtsverschillen: jaloezie............................................................................................................. 114
XIII. Mannelijkheid, vrouwelijkheid, androgynie en sekse rollen............................................................... 115
XIV. Androgynie......................................................................................................................................... 115
XV. Gender (sekse) stereotiepen .............................................................................................................. 116
1. Cultuur en persoonlijkheid ................................................................................................................. 117
I. Culturele verschillen in persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................. 118
a) Uitgelokte cultuur (evocatie) ............................................................................................................. 118
b) Overgedragen cultuur ........................................................................................................................ 119
II. Enkele belangrijke culturele verschillen ................................................................................................. 122
a) Zelfconcept ........................................................................................................................................ 122
III. Enkele belangrijke universele kenmerken .......................................................................................... 131
1. Inleiding Persoonlijkheidspsychologie
I. Klassieke theorieën
De meeste ‘grote’ klassieke benaderingen vertrekken vanuit een universele benadering:
fundamentele psychologische processen en kenmerken die gelden voor alle mensen, of hoe mensen
in het algemeen kunnen beschreven worden.
II. Hedendaags onderzoek naar de persoonlijkheid
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