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Summary KRM 310(B) Human aggression and violence: Study unit 2 $2.78
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Summary KRM 310(B) Human aggression and violence: Study unit 2

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Summary of study unit 2 (the relationship between human aggression and violence)

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KRM 310(B) - UNIT 2

UNIT 2: HUMAN AGGRESSION & VIOLENCE
1) THE VALUE OF AGGRESSION FOR HUMANS
 Not all aggression is violent in the physical sense = is instrumental in helping people to survive
 Enable to obtain material goods/land/treasures; protect property/family; & gain status, power/prestige


2) DEFINING AGGRESSION
 The intent & attempt to physically/socially harm another individual or to destroy an object
 CORPUS DELECTI : body of the crime
 Varieties of human aggression:

ACTIVE AGGRESSION PASSIVE AGGRESSION
DIRECT INDIRECT DIRECT INDIRECT
PHYSICAL Punching/hitting Practical joke/booby trap Obstructing a passage Refusing to perform necessary task

VERBAL Insulting a victim Malicious gossip Refusing to speak Refusing consent


3) HOSTILE & INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION
 HOSTILE (EXPRESSIVE) AGGRESSION : response to anger-inducing conditions like real/perceived insults, physical
attacks & one’s own failures
 Intent to harm the victim (to make them suffer) & intense/disorganising emotion of anger
 ANGER defined as an arousal state elicited by certain stimuli (especially those evoking attack/frustration)

 INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION : desire for some object/status possessed by another individual
 Usually no intent to harm another individual
 Often a factor in robbery, burglary, larceny & various white-collar crimes
 VIOLE NCE : destructive physical aggression that is intentionally directed at harming other persons/things


4) THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON AGGRESSION
PSYCHOANALYTICAL/  Humans will always be prone to aggressive impulses & are likely to commit violent acts

PSYCHODYNAMIC when impulses aren’t appropriately managed/held in check
VIEWPOINT  If excessive pressure accumulates in human psyche an explosion is likely to occur
(Psychodynamic/  Internal energy is discharged through catharsis = may be accomplished by actual
hydraulic model) behaviour (ex. playing football) or may occur vicariously (ex. watching football)
 Lorenz believed aggression is an inherited instinct
 Territoriality: the tendency to attack space violators
ETHOLOGICAL  Ritualised aggression: intra-species aggression that’s accomplished by displays of force
VIEWPOINTS (humans don’t have this)
 Currently referred to as EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHO LOGY = study of the evolution of behaviour
using principles of natural selection (see aggression as normal)
 Aggression is a direct result of frustration (frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression)
FRUSTRATION-  Berkowitz’ revised version = person is blocked from obtaining expected goal  frustration
AGGRESSION results that generates anger  anger predisposes/readies person to behave aggressively
HYPOTHESIS  Weapons effect: a visible weapon (such as carried by police officer) may actually facilitate rather
than inhibit a violent response in some people  weapons provoke aggressive behaviour

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