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Summary Mercantile Law - Methods pf Payments (2nd Semester) $2.76
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Summary Mercantile Law - Methods pf Payments (2nd Semester)

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In depth summary of Mercantile Law 198 notes relating to Methods of Payment, which are taught and tested on in second semester. The notes are typed up with extra information attained through attending all lectures. I received over 80% for my final Merc Law exam in first year.

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  • May 8, 2018
  • 19
  • 2017/2018
  • Summary
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Methods of
payment
Chapter 1:
(SHORT QUESTIONS)

Transactinncintractsn=nineninnwhichntwinirnmirenpartesnagreenthatninenwillndeliverngiidsnirnrender
servicesntinthenitherninnreturnnfirnpayment.

Paymentncannbenmadenbynmeansnifnanrangenifnpaymentnmethidsnsuchnasncash,nbillsnifnexchange,
cheques, n credit n cards n etc. n The n chiice n if n payment n methid n depends n in n the n amiunt n iwed, n the
relatinshipnbetweennthenpartesnandnthenphysicalndistancenbetweennthem.

Modern methods of payment:

1. Credit Cards:
Functinnasnanmethidnifnpaymentnasnwellnasnanfirmnifncredit.
Thenissuernifnthencardn(thenbank)nsetlesnthendebtnwithnthensuppliern(seller)nimmediately,n
whilenthencardnhildern(buyer)nrefundsnthenissuernatnanlaternpiint.
ItnalsinalliwsncashntinbenwithdrawnnatnannATMn

2 Types of credit cards:
 Two party credit cards:
CardsnarenissuednbynLARGEnCHAINnstiresntinannacciuntnhildern(Wiilwirthsn
Card)
nThen2npartesn=nthenissuern(seller)nandnthencardnhildern(cinsumer)
Enablesncustimerntinmakenpurchasesnatnthatnpartcularnstirenandntransactinsn
arenregulatednbynthenNatinalnCreditnAct.n

 Three party credit cards:
CardsnarenissuednbynanBANKnirnithernFINANCIALnINSTITUTIONSntinancardnhilder
Then3npartesn=nAnbankn(issuer)nthensuppliernandnthencardnhildern(cinsumer)
Cinsequentallyntherenaren3ncintractsninvilved.
1. Cardnhildernandnthenissuern-nThenhildernagreesntinpaynthenissuernback
2. IssuernandnSuppliern-nissuernundertakesntinreimbursenthensupplierninn
certainncinditinsn
3. CardnhildernandnSuppliern-nSuppliernundertakesntinprividengiidnirn
servicesntinthencardnhilder.

, EnablesnthencardnhilderntinmakenpurchasesnatnANYnplacenwherenthencreditncardnis
accepted.
Othernfirmsnifn3npartyncardsn=nDebitncardsnandnChequencardsn-nThencardnhildersn
acciuntnisndebitednimmediatelynatnthentllnpiintnandnfundsnarenelectrinicallyn
transferredntinthenacciuntnifnthensupplier.

Advantage:nDinnitnhaventincarryncashnariund,neasilynpirtable,ncannuseniverseas,n
paymentnisnguaranteednfirnthensellernandnitnenciuragesnpeiplentinspendnmire.
Disadvantages:nMineynisnmireneasilynspentnandnlargendebtsnarenincurred.
Securitynissuesn-nstilenncard,nfraudnandnsimeinenelsenmaynusenitnwithiutn
yiurnauthirisatin
CardnhildernremainsnLIABLEnfirnanynunauthirisednusenifnhisncardnUNTILn
thenissuernisnnitiednthatnthencardnisnlist.nThereafernthenissuerncarriesn
thenrisknifnsubsequentnpurchasesnmadenwithnthencard.

CreditncardsnarenNOTnnegitableninstrumentsnandnarenNOTnregulatednbynthenBillsnifnExchangen
Act.n

 RegulatednbynthenNatinalnCreditnActnifn2005nandnthenElectrinicnCimmunicatinsn
andnTransactinsnActnifn2002



2. Electronic Fund Transfer:
Entailnpaymentninstructinsnfirnthentransfernifnfundsnbynelectrinicnmeans.
Mediumsn=nphines,ninternet,nhimenbankingnapps,nATM
Transfersnarenmadenfrimnthenacciuntnifninenpersinntinthenacciuntnifnanither.
 BanksnwillnREVERSEnanynincirrectntransactinsnmadenbyntheirnSTAFF
 Ifnthencustimernmadenannincirrectntransfernthenlegalnpisitinnisnntnclear.
Itnisnpissiblentinclaimnbacknfrimnthenpartynwhinbeneitedninnthengriundsnifn
unjustiednenrichment.
Thentransactinncanninlynbenreversednwithnthenpermissiinnifnthenbeneiciary.

2 Types of instructons:

 Credit instructons:
InstructinntinTRANSFERnfundsnfrimnthenacciuntnifnthenmandatiryntinthen
acciuntnifnthenbeneiciary.n
PricessnisnimplementednbynthenDEBTOR

InstructinsngenerallyntakenplacenthriughnthenBankservnsystem,nATMnsystemnirn
EFTPOS,nbynmeansnifnancreditncard
Bankserv systemn=nprividesnfirnelectrinicnfacilitesnbetweennbanksnandnalsinfirn
thenclearingnifncheques

 Debit Instructons:

, Instructinsnalliwnthenpersinntinwhimnpaymentnisnmaden(creditir)ntinclaimn
paymentnirnannamiuntnfrimntheninancialninsttutinnwherenthendebtirnhasnhisn
acciunt.
PricessnisnimplementednbynthenCREDITOR

TransactinsnarenregulatednbynthenElectrinicnCimmunicatinsnandnTransactinsnActnifn2002,n
principlesnifnthenlawnifnncintractnandnthenNatinalnCreditnActn2005.

ThenCidenfirnBankingnPractsenalsinplaysnanrilentinpritectnthencinsumer.nHiweverntherenisnan
ibligatinninnbithnthenbanknandnthencustimerntinactnwithndiligence.nThencidenhasnNOnLEGALn
standingnifnitnisnnitnincirpiratednintinthenstandardncintractsnifnbanksnwithnitsnclients.

 EFTncannbenVOIDninnthengriundsnifniustus errornifncertainnrequirementsnarenmet.

ThenCinsumernPritectinnActnstatesnthatnthensuppliernmustnhavenSAFEnandnRELIABLEn
paymentnsystemsninnplace

3. Electronic or E-money:
Thesencardsnfunctinnasnannelectrinicnpursenandncannbenusedninntransactinsnwithn
partcipatngnsuppliersnfirnthenpurpisenfirnwhichntheynhavenbeennissued.
CardsnhavenNOnregulatin,nexceptnfirncintractualnregulatinnandntheynarenusednuntlnthen
availablenbalancenisnused.

TheynarenexamplesnifnpaymentnintermediariesnwherenthencinsumerndiesnNOTndivulgen
thendetailsnifnhisnbankntinthensuppliernandnpaymentnisnmadenthriughnannintermediary.
Examplen-nPayPal

4. Mobile payments:
Cinceptnciversnallnmethidsnifnpaymentsnwhichntakenplacenbynmeansnifncellnphines.
Itnisnrunnbyncellnphinennetwirksninncinjunctinnwithnbanks.
TakenplacenbynmeansnifnEFTnwhichnisnpairednwithnanmibilenapplicatin
Therenisnalsinthen‘mibilenelectrinicnpursennwhichnrequiresnthatnbithnthensendernandnthen
receivernifnthenmineynregisternwithnthenSAMEnschemenandnhavenACOUNTSnatnthenSAMEn
bank.
Examplen=nMiila

Traditional methods of payments:

BillsnifnexchangenandnchequesnarenWRITTENninstructinsnifnpayments.nPrimissirynnitesnarenwritenn
primisesnifnpayment.

 AllnarenregulatednbynthenBillsnifnExchangenActnifn1964

Chequesnarenannimpirtantnmethidnifnpaymentninnthencimmercialncintextn(evennthiughtntheynarenntn
widelynusednanymire)nasntheynprividenanFORMnOFnSECURITYnandnfulilnanguaranteenfunctinnthatn
paymentnwillnbenmade.n

Safernmethidntinusenwhennthenpartesndinnitnkniwneachnither.

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