Notes from all GSW colleges. Notes are in English with Dutch notes. Topics: introduction, institutionalization, institutionalization, sociology, institutionalization, political science & anthropology, communication & organizational science, alternative channels of communication, alternative sources...
Exam:
Open-boek tentamen, veel meer toetsen op inzicht en toepassing (minder om kennis). Alle
colleges en alle literatuur is tentamenstof.
- Roman: wel lezen, maar niet precies in detail alles weten.
‘Werkt het beste als je het tentamen voorbereid alsof het een gesloten-boek tentamen is’
Theme of the course:
Premise of this course: science is, despite all its aws, the best way of gaining insight into the
world.
“Sociale wetenschap is mensenwerk”
Wetenschap is een geïnstitutionaliseerde praktijk. Hoe gaat wetenschap in de praktijk?
Welke artikelen worden wel gelezen en welke niet? Onderzoeksmethode is een heel klein stukje
van wat er gebeurd. (Als het niet gelezen wordt, is het geen onderdeel van onze wetenschap)
Wetenschap is een spiegel van de samenleving, wat je hier leert kan je toepassen
Themes according to Eller:
‘The best way to think of the project at hand is “sociology of knowledge,” that is, the social
organization of knowledge-making and knowledge-transmitting.’ (Eller 2017: vii). (Dit vak is een
paar keer van naam verandert omdat het altijd deprimerend was)
‘humans must organize themselves in some way to produce and disseminate knowledge […]
di erent [...] disciplines know di erent things [...] each is a particular way of knowing’ (Eller 2017:
viii)
- boek gaat een beetje over hoe verschillende disciplines historisch ontstaan zijn.
‘An interesting and important question is whether science is the only way of knowing […] music,
art, literature, and perhaps religion have their own way of knowledge and their own unique and
valuable ways of knowing’ (Eller 2017: viii).
- alternatieven bronnen van kennis. (Wetenschap is de beste manier, maar niet de enige manier)
‘there are those who contend that only the natural sciences produce knowledge, in the form of
theories and laws. Such people may reject the “social sciences” as poor imitations’ (Eller 2017:
viii).
- status van onze sociale wetenschappen tegenover exacte wetenschap
‘Then there are those who assert that science is itself not a universal but a culturally-speci c way
of knowing’ (Eller 2017: ix).
- in hoeverre heeft je achtergrond invloed op de wetenschap die je krijgt (dekolonisering van
universiteit)
‘Finally, there are those who say that the current way of organizing knowledge –the contemporary
academic disciplines, the existing school and university systems, and the traditions of article
writing and book publication– are not the best way to construct and transmit knowledge’ (Eller
2017: ix).
Status of science:
Probeer een voorbeeld te vinden in het nieuws waarin de status van wetenschap in twijfel wordt
getrokken.
- Case of Corona (Piek in besmettingen omlaag ( attening the curve)
‘Anthony Fauci [...] has become the scienti c voice of reason about how to respond to the new
coronavirus’ (Jon Cohen, Science 22 March 2020) (durfde trump tegen te spreken)
ff ff fi fl fi
, Christian Drosten, Ich habe Besseres zu tun ZSK, Ich habe Besseres zu tun https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OZdKwFSWZw
Maakte podcast over corona crisis, andere wetenschappers waren het niet met hem eens. ‘Ik heb
wat beters te doen’.
*Jaap van Dissel, Diederik Gommers, Roel Coutinho (voormalige directeur RIVM)
Status of science: Case of Oostvaardersplassen
Oostvaardersplassen: more than half of the 5320 grazing animals counted last October has died
this winter (www.NOS.nl 5 April 2018)
- natuurgebied (wilde beesten vermenigvuldigen; overpopulatie)
Historical overview
1968 land reclamation Zuidelijk Flevoland; Put out animals: 32 Heck cattle (1983), 20 Konik horses
(1984), 44 red deer (1992)
2011 count: 360 Heck cattle, 1150 Konik horses, 3300 red deer, 100 roe
1996 new policy State Forestry Service (Staatsbosbeheer)
Oostvaardersplassen: the new wilderness
Legal-administrative framework
2006 ICMO (International Committtee on the Management of large herbivores in the
Oostvaardersplassen)
2007 Court of Justice of The Hague con rms: they are wild animals according to the Law on Flora
and Fauna
2016 management transferred from State Forestry Service to province of Flevoland
Scienti c arguments against feeding the animals:
- Fodder taken by strongest animals
- Fighting and stress in the herd
- Early rut: faster population growth
- Digestion switched o from winter condition
- Hay has too much protein
- Feeding makes the animals aid dependent on humans
“From a scienti c point-of-view feeding the animals is unwise”
“Vanuit wetenschappelijk oogpunt is het bijvoeren van de dieren onverstandig” (Jacobien
Kamphof, woordvoerder provincie Flevoland).
Source: NRC 1-3-2018
Change of policy: reduce number of grazing animals
Status of science:
Societal prestige of science
Waarde gestegen van de wetenschap na corona, twijfelen aan de waarde van wetenschappelijke
kennis (dieren in de Oostvaardersplassen)
March for science, Washington 22-4-2017
Wetenschappers maken zich zorgen, zeker hoe klimaatkennis aan de zijkant wordt geschoven.
Status of science (quantitative measurement):
- 90 judge
- 88 medical doctors
- 77 higher education teaching professionals
- 74 physicists, chemists
- 71 sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists
- 16 domestic helpers and cleaners
*Oud onderzoek naar de status van verschillende beroepen (wetenschappers zitten relatief hoog,
maar zegt niks over hoe nuttig het is.. schoonmakers etc super nuttig om het draaiende te
houden)
fi fi ff fi
, Harry B.G. Ganzeboom & Donald J. Treiman, 2003, Three internationally standardised measures for comparative research and
occupational status, in: Advances in cross-national comparison: A European working book for demographic and socio-economic
variables, edited by J.H.P. Ho meyer-Zlotnik & C. Wolf, 153-193. Boston: Springer.
Trust in institutions in the Netherlands
- Science 7.1
- Judiciary 6.5
- Labour unions 5.8
- Newspapers 5.8
- Television 5.7
- Parliament 5.6
- Large companies 5.3
Nelleke van den Broek-Honingh en Jos de Jonge (2018),Vertrouwen in de wetenschap –Monitor 2018. Den Haag: Rathenau Instituut.
De nition of science
The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998):
- Science is ‘the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the
structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment’.
- Research is ‘the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to
establish facts and reach new conclusions.’
Het is niet iets wat er is, maar het is een activiteit. Sluit aan bij het kern idee van dit vak
‘wetenschap als geïnstitutionaliseerde praktijk’
OECD de ntion
‘Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge,
including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new
applications’
Working de nition of science for this course:
Science is the more or less systematic search for knowledge by experts, who react to earlier
knowledge and share their ideas with others.
Voor Freek zijn dit de essentiële onderdelen van de de nitie. Kennis/inzicht, zoektocht ernaar/ het
proces. ‘More or less systematic’; pogingen van ons wetenschappers om het goed te doen. Het is
cumulatief, wetenschappelijke kennis bouwt altijd voort op eerdere kennis. Je moet het delen met
anderen.
Eller on science
- ‘scienti c knowledge inexorably “progresses,” that is, each day science has more and better
knowledge than the day before;
- Scienti c knowledge is superior to other forms of (or spurious claimants to) knowledge because
of its “method”; and
- Scientists are particularly conscious of both’ (Eller 2017: 10)
Het moet innovatief zijn (progresses).
Intermezzo, science in the news
Is social science a science?
Exacte wetenschappen staat hoger in de ranking dan sociale wetenschappen
Exacte wetenschappen wordt als een standaard opgelegd in de wetenschap (daar hebben wij last
van)
In hoeverre is sociale wetenschappen gelijk aan exacte wetenschappen?
Sociale wetenschappers kunnen geen harde wetten formuleren die overduidelijk bewijzen hoe de
wereld in elkaar zit.
fi fifi fi fi ff fi
, *General law on gases
pressure = ( ∗ )/
n= number of moles
t= temperature
v= volume
*Law of Colombijn on political pressure:
pressure = ℎ ∗ /
Toe te passen op de boeren…
Dit klopt niet!
- Moleculen zijn exact hetzelfde, mensen zijn dat niet
- Mensen hebben agency, een eigen wil
- Veel meer factoren/variabelen
Conclusion:
- Premise of this course: science is, despite all its aws, the best way of gaining insight into the
world.
- Status of science seems to be declining slowly
- But still high (Rathenau Institute) and it has received a boost by the Corona crisis
- Science is an institutionalized practice (see de nitions of science)
- Exact sciences have a higher status, but social sciences is in some respects fundamentally
di erent because of the agency of our research subjects
- The scienti c ‘product’ is the outcome of many more factors than ‘just’ good research with the
right methodology.
5 april 2023
Institutionalisering
‘though there are no grounds for complacency [satisfaction ...], though, like all human enterprises,
science is far from perfect, it has been [...] the most impressively successful of human cognitive
enterprises’ (Haack 1995/1996: 335).
Proposition of today
- as an institutionalized practice, science looks ‘natural’ and ‘obvious’ to both people inside and
outside Academia
- Before we can look critically at the daily practice, we must rst deconstruct this process of
institutionalization
Social science is an institutionalized practice
First exploration of the concept of ‘institutionalization’
Aanname: institutie heel natuurlijk overkomt, als een feitelijk iets, het lijkt onveranderlijk omdat het
buiten ons zelf ligt.
Institutie de neren:
- An institution consists of frozen answers to recurrent, fundamental questions (Geert de Vries,
after James Feibleman)
- ‘actual cultures are themselves the frozen answers to ontological problems’ (Feibleman 1969:
240)
In elke samenleving zitten fundamentele vragen en problemen, vind je daar antwoorden op? Dan
is het een institutie geworden. (Voorbeeld: kinderen groot brengen, huwelijk)
Institutions:
- formal institutions that are an important part of society (state of law, education, parliamentary
democracy, free press, health care)
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