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Geomatics and Measurement in Civil Engineering $7.99
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  3. Ryerson University (Ru )
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  5. Civil Engineering
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  7. CVL 352

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Geomatics and Measurement in Civil Engineering
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  • Course
  • CVL 352
  • Institution
  • Ryerson University (Ru )

Detailed study of modern surveying instruments such as total stations, GPS, GNSS, and laser scanners. Instruction on methods for collecting, processing, and analyzing spatial data.

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Document information

  • January 14, 2024
  • 10
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Professor michael chapman
  • All classes

Subjects

  • geomatics
  • land surveying
  • land development
  • survey
  • measure
  • ccivil
  • civil
  • civil engineering

Written for

  • Ryerson University (Ru )
  • Civil Engineering
  • CVL 352
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LECTURE 4 (CH16)
OBSERVATION EQUATIONS
 Least Squares adjustment by observation equation method:
 Written relating observed values to residual errors and unknown parameters
 1 observation equation for each observation
 Number of equations = number of unknowns
 If redundant observations made, least squares method can be applied
 Expression for each residual obtained from every observation equation
 Residuals then squared and added to get a function:
 Squared variance



 Weighted squared variance:



 From Example:
 Compute most probable value for equally weighted distance observations:









 Find mean value (most probable value of observed length)
 Write following observation equations that define residual for any observed quantity at
difference between most probable value and any individual observations

, 




 From Example:

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