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Lecture notes 11 - grade 9/10
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Lecture notes of 5 pages for the course The Governance and Politics of Social Problems at VU (college notes)
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GPSP week 6 lecture 11 - maandag 4 december - André KrouwelDemocracy, political trust and Euroscepticism
Second order elections
Have lower voter turnout
- There was a higher turnout from 2019 forward (maybe a brexit effect)
Younger people are less likely to vote
Voter participation in people younger than 30 is lower than above 30
Life cycle voting: The relationship between age and political behaviour is curvilinear:
- During different parts of your life you have different political opinions. You have
different interests and your ability to participate politically also varies.
- What you are doing in your life at that moment matters and shapes your voting
Exam question: Why do different age groups i.e. different stages of life lead to different
levels of participation?
4 explanations of the age effect (lifecycle voting):
1. Interest and preferences: when your career is still developing i.e. you live at home,
go to school, don't pay (that many) taxes etc. you experience less tax-effects and
costs of public services or other regulations. Over time with career development
these interests solidify.
2. Value formation fluidity: when you're young you are still trying to find your own value
base, you take from your parents, teachers etc (see last lecture), but you're still filling
out a lot of the blanks. You are more interested in different issues than party politics.
3. Gradual internalisation of societal norms and maturation of adult roles: over time you
adopt adult roles (different new responsibilities). You start participating differently in
civil life and creates different needs.
4. Aging leads to changes in social life: You start developing different relationships. Your
networks change and that impacts your pattern of behaviour.
→ the changing trajectory of your life determines the different political views you have at
those different times.
Information
There is a negative relationship between the rise of e-technology and participation. Young
people are less exposed to political information and more to entertainment because of social
media. Young people avoid voting because it doesn’t seem interesting or relevant. Social
media influences a lot of the life views we have and therefore our political standpoints. It is
mostly soft news, not hard news. Roughly 20% is hard news.
→ democratic citizenship is less popular since the rise of social media.
, Structure of opinion on elites and european integration
By age, political orientation, party preference, educational attainment and knowledge
Voter opinions
Next to life cycle voting, there is also a generational shift (Ingelhardt) that influences voting.
People usually start progressive lefty and turn out to conservative right as they progress in
life. → Millennials haven’t bent over to the conservative side as they progress in life. This
points to a generational shift in opinions.
Interesting to see that really old people appreciate the EU, 35-64 are usually anti-europe and
then millennials are very pro europe.
Why is that?
- Most of them (34-64 year olds) did not have a high level of education, millennials
mostly do. The higher educated are usually more pro-europe whereas lower
educated are mostly anti-europe.
- Many think that European integration i.e. globalisation lessens their livelihood. They
feel threatened by it and are scared that their welfare state will fail them when
borders are opened too much.
- If you take voting for a specific party and one of their standpoints centered around
EU-membership you can see that it is mostly populist parties and right conservatives
that are (relatively) against/centered about EU-membership. Left progressive think
the EU is good. Most millennials stay left progressive. This is very telling for the
generational shift. There is a partisan divide.
There is a high level of consensus among the elites: usually very pro-european.
The voters vary more, but not as much as you think. Left and right are a lot more alike on
their standpoints on europe. Les extreme entouche (The extremes touch).
- Moderates have a different understanding of the world and vary the most on the
spectrum of worldview and values even though they are “centrist”.
- Extreme left and rightists look more alike when you think of worldview and values
than you think.
European Integration
Most countries in northern europe have a pro-europe consensus. This is a lot more divided
in southern-europe. A lot more radical rightwing parties.
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