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MBS218 Past Papers with answers
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2016 final paperSection A
1. True
2. True
3. False - the primary function of the PCT is reabsorption
4. False. The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) plays a role in regulating the filtration rate,
by controlling the diameter of the afferent arteriole through vasoconstriction.
5. False -The prostatic urethra is the most proximal part. The spongy (penile) urethra is
the most distal part.
6. False. The ureters and the urinary bladder are lined by transitional epithelium, also
known as urothelium.
7. True
Section B
1. C - A person who suffers from chronic uncontrolled diabetes can exhibit signs of c)
metabolic acidosis.
2. A - The visceral pericardium is the same as epicardium.
3. B- The movement of fluid from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules is called
secretion.
4. C - To reach the interlobular artery from the renal artery, the red blood cell must follow
this path. So, the correct order is: Interlobar artery (ii), Segmental artery (iii), Arcuate
artery (i)
5. C - During the second stage of the development of the kidney, the pronephros develops.
Section C
1. Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure in excess of 140/90 mm Hg.
2. Continuous capillaries: These capillaries have a continuous endothelial lining with small
gaps between cells. They are found in the skin, muscles, and most other tissues, where
they help regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
Fenestrated capillaries: Fenestrated capillaries have small pores or fenestrations in their
endothelial lining, allowing for increased permeability. They are commonly found in the
small intestines, endocrine glands, and the kidneys, where rapid exchange of substances
is necessary.
Sinusoidal capillaries: Sinusoidal capillaries are the most permeable type of capillaries,
with large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane.
, They are found in the liver, bone marrow, and the spleen, where they allow for the
passage of larger molecules and blood cells.
3. X - Laminar Flow: Laminar flow is characterized by smooth and streamlined blood flow.
In this type of flow, blood moves in parallel layers with minimal disruption. It is the
typical and desirable mode of blood flow in healthy blood vessels.
Y- Turbulent Flow: Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular blood flow. In
this type of flow, the blood moves in a disordered fashion with swirls and eddies.
Turbulent flow can occur in certain conditions, such as when blood flows through
narrowed or diseased vessels or at high velocities. Turbulent flow can lead to issues like
atherosclerosis and the development of murmurs in the heart.
4. Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition
characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure when a person transitions from a lying
or sitting position to a standing position. This drop in blood pressure can result in
symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting, and in some cases, falls.
Orthostatic hypotension occurs because of an inadequate or delayed adjustment in the
body's circulatory system when changing positions. Normally, when a person stands up,
the autonomic nervous system responds by constricting blood vessels and increasing
heart rate to maintain blood pressure. In individuals with orthostatic hypotension, this
compensation doesn't work effectively.
There are several potential causes of orthostatic hypotension, including: Dehydration,
Medications, Neurological conditions, Aging, Underlying medical conditions
Management and treatment of orthostatic hypotension may involve addressing the
underlying cause, lifestyle changes like increasing fluid intake, wearing compression
stockings, and adjusting medication regimens as necessary.
5. a) Diastolic blood pressure should be recorded when the Korotkoff sounds disappear.
b) The normal value for diastolic blood pressure in adults is typically around 80 mm Hg
or lower.
c) At the point when Korotkoff sounds disappear (during the measurement of diastolic
blood pressure), the artery is in a state of continuous, smooth blood flow without the
pulsatile sounds heard during systole.
, 6. a) the aorta is an example of an elastic artery
b) Pressure Reservoir: Elastic arteries can stretch and recoil, allowing them to store
and dampen the pulsatile pressure generated by the heartbeat. When the heart
contracts (systole), the elastic arteries expand and store some of the blood under
pressure. During diastole (when the heart is at rest), these arteries recoil, pushing the
stored blood forward. This reduces fluctuations in pressure and ensures a relatively
continuous flow of blood to the body's tissues, which is essential for maintaining organ
perfusion.
Efficient Blood Distribution: The elasticity of the arterial walls helps to propel blood
forward, even when the heart is not actively pumping. This property ensures that
blood continues to flow during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, aiding in
efficient blood distribution to tissues. The recoil of the elastic arteries contributes to the
maintenance of blood pressure and flow, supporting the continuous delivery of oxygen
and nutrients to various body parts.
7. a) The venous pump mechanism is a system of one-way valves within the veins and the
surrounding skeletal muscles that help propel blood back to the heart. When muscles
contract, they squeeze the veins, pushing blood in the direction of the heart. At the
same time, one-way valves within the veins prevent the blood from flowing backward,
ensuring it moves in one direction toward the heart. This mechanism aids in venous
return, which is the process of returning deoxygenated blood from the body's
extremities and tissues back to the heart.
b) During muscular exercise, the venous pump mechanism becomes more active and
efficient. When muscles contract and relax, they apply pressure to the veins within
them, effectively squeezing the blood within the veins.
8. The most potent naturally occurring local vasoconstrictor is endothelin.
2017 Final paper
Section A
1. False - The mesonephric duct, also known as the Wolffian duct, develops during the
early stage
2. False. Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection and is not related to the descent of the testes
into the scrotum.
3. false . Blood enters the glomerular capillaries of the kidney via the afferent arteriole and
leaves via the efferent arteriole.
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