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Samenvatting wetenschappelijk handelen (Statistiek)
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Volledige samenvatting van wetenschappelijk handelen over het onderdeel statistiek De samenvatting bevat ook extra oefeningen en veel voorbeelden
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SamenvattingStatistiek
1
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: De statistiek in het onderzoek..................................................................4
Doelstellingen.............................................................................................................4
2 typen van statistiek.................................................................................................4
Dit is onderzoek..........................................................................................................4
Fase 1: De vraagstelling..............................................................................................5
Wat is een variabele...............................................................................................6
Fase 2 : operationalisering.........................................................................................9
Fase 3. Steekproefopzet.............................................................................................9
Fase 4 : Verzamelen van de gegevens......................................................................10
Fase 5: Analyse van de resultaten............................................................................11
Fase 6: De rapportage..............................................................................................11
Extra oefeningen + oplossingen...............................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 2 : gegevens is SPSS oefencollege..............................................................16
Hoofdstuk 3: operationalisering en meten van variabelen.........................................18
Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................18
3.1 Variabelen..........................................................................................................18
3.2 Meetniveaus.......................................................................................................18
3.2.1 Nominaal meetniveau.................................................................................18
3.2.2 Ordinaal meetniveau...................................................................................19
3.2.3 Interval meetniveau....................................................................................19
3.2.4 Ratio meetniveau........................................................................................19
3.3 Betekenis van meetniveaus...............................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 4: frequentieverdeling................................................................................21
Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................21
4.1 Frequentietabel..................................................................................................21
Nominaal en ordinaal meetniveau.......................................................................21
Interval en ratio niveau continu scoree..............................................................22
Gegroepeerde frequentietabel............................................................................22
4.2 Grafieken............................................................................................................22
Nominale en ordinale waarden............................................................................22
Interval en ratio : grafische voorstelling : histogram...........................................23
4.4 Positie van een score in een verdeling van uitslagen........................................24
Opgaven uit het handboek.......................................................................................26
Hoofdstuk 5: centrummaten en SPSS descriptives......................................................27
Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................27
1
, Centrummaten.........................................................................................................27
Eigenschappen van het rekenkundig gemiddelde...............................................28
Het gebruik van centrummaten...........................................................................29
Het getrimde gemiddelde....................................................................................29
Vergelijking van centrummaten...............................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 6. Spreidingsmaten.....................................................................................31
Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................31
Inleiding....................................................................................................................31
6.1 Bereik-variatiebreedte.......................................................................................31
6.2 Interkwartielafstand...........................................................................................32
6.3 Gemiddelde afwijkingsscore..............................................................................33
6.4 Gemiddelde absolute afwijking..........................................................................34
6.5 De variantie........................................................................................................35
6.6 Standaardafwijking of standaarddeviatie SDe...................................................35
6.7 De variatiecoëfficiënt.........................................................................................37
6.8 Lineaire transformaties......................................................................................37
Belangrijke transformatie.........................................................................................38
De Z-score.............................................................................................................38
Omzetting naar andere verdeling............................................................................39
Standaardscores...................................................................................................39
Samengevat..............................................................................................................40
Besluit...................................................................................................................40
Extra oefeningen......................................................................................................40
Hoofstuk 7: De normale verdeling...............................................................................45
Inleiding....................................................................................................................45
7.1 Kenmerken van de normale verdeling...............................................................45
7.2 Speciale normale verdeling standaardnormale verdelinge..............................46
Z-waarde is positief..............................................................................................46
Z-waarde is negatief.............................................................................................46
Observaties tussen twee Z-waarden....................................................................47
Hoofdstuk 8: vorm van de verdeling en invloed van transformaties..........................48
Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................48
8.1 Kurtosis...............................................................................................................48
8.2 scheefheid van de verdeling...............................................................................49
8.4 Lineaire transformatie........................................................................................49
8.5 De boxplot..........................................................................................................50
Hoofdstuk 9 : Kruistabellen..........................................................................................51
2
, Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................51
9.1 Analyse van de samenhang................................................................................51
9.2 Analyse van de kruistabel...................................................................................51
9.3 samenhang tussen twee nominale variabelen..................................................51
X²-toets voor verbanden......................................................................................51
Handmatig berekening van significantie..............................................................55
In SPSS..................................................................................................................55
Voorstelling..............................................................................................................56
Feitelijke observaties............................................................................................56
Voorstelling via percentages................................................................................57
Voorbeeld.............................................................................................................57
9.3. hoe sterk is dit verband.....................................................................................59
Gebruik de Cramer’s V.........................................................................................59
Gebruik de contingentiecoëfficiënt......................................................................59
Phi-coëfficiënt.......................................................................................................59
Beperkingen chikwadraatoets............................................................................60
Mcnemar toets.....................................................................................................60
toepassing............................................................................................................61
De kruistabel............................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 9B : validiteit en betrouwbaarheid.............................................................63
9.1. Betrouwbaarheid..............................................................................................63
9.1.1. Soorten betrouwbaarheid..........................................................................63
9.2. validiteit.............................................................................................................66
Hoofdstuk 10: Correlatievraagstuk..............................................................................67
Doelstellingen...........................................................................................................67
Analyse van samenhang...........................................................................................67
Rangcorrelatiecoëfficiënt.........................................................................................67
Correlatiecoëfficiënt.................................................................................................68
Samenhang tussen twee interval variabelen.......................................................68
Spreidingsdiagram scaterplote...........................................................................68
Hoofdstuk 11 : regressieanalyse..................................................................................75
Samenhang tussen twee interval variabelen...........................................................75
Lineaire regressie enkelvoudigee........................................................................75
Meervoudige regressie.........................................................................................77
Vragen examen.............................................................................................................78
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