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Bouwstenen van de taal: complete samenvatting

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In dit document vindt u een complete samenvatting van het vak "Bouwstenen van de taal" van de VUB. Dit document werd geschreven in december van 2023 en is nog steeds heel accuraat. Alles is duidelijk uitgelegd. Het helpt altijd om de slides erbij te nemen. Als u graag extra uitleg krijgt bij deze...

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  • January 17, 2024
  • 39
  • 2023/2024
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Inhoudstafel
Inleiding............................................................................................................................. 4
Hoeveel talen zijn er? .................................................................................................................4
Hoeveel sprekers hee5 taal? .......................................................................................................4
Waar komen talen vandaan? ......................................................................................................4
Wetenschappelijke verklaringen ...................................................................................................................4
Geografische verklaringen .............................................................................................................................4
Een defini;e van taal ..................................................................................................................5
De wetenschappelijke taalstudie.................................................................................................5
Een voorbeeld van de compara;eve methode .............................................................................................5
Ferdinand de Saussure en het ontstaan van de moderne taalkunde ............................................5
Cours de linguis;que générale ......................................................................................................................6
Navolgers de Saussure ................................................................................................................8
De Praagse school .........................................................................................................................................8
Amerikaans structuralisme............................................................................................................................8
Noam Chomsky (2de grote naam in taalkunde) ............................................................................9
Chomsky als taalkundige ...............................................................................................................................9
Chomsky als filosoof ......................................................................................................................................9
Chomsky als ac;vist ....................................................................................................................................10
De opvaLngen van Chomsky .................................................................................................... 10
Fone-ek en fonologie....................................................................................................... 10
Menselijke spraak ..................................................................................................................... 10
Fone;ek en fonologie ............................................................................................................... 11
Defini;es: fone;ek en fonologie .................................................................................................................11
IPA ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Consonanten ...............................................................................................................................................12
Klinkers ........................................................................................................................................................12
Dis;nc;eve paren........................................................................................................................................13
Anatomische en fysiologische correlaten .................................................................................. 13
Ademhaling: proces.....................................................................................................................................14
Stemgeving: het proces ...............................................................................................................................14
Resonan;e: proces ......................................................................................................................................14
Ar;cula;e: het proces .................................................................................................................................14
Klinkers ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Hoogte .........................................................................................................................................................14
Realisa;e vooraan of achteraan ..................................................................................................................15
Gerondheid .................................................................................................................................................15
Frequen;es .................................................................................................................................................15
DiSong .........................................................................................................................................................15
Consonanten ............................................................................................................................ 15
Manier of wijze van ar;cula;e ....................................................................................................................15
Plaats van ar;cula;e ...................................................................................................................................16
Stemhebbend vs. stemloos .........................................................................................................................16




1

, Foneemontwikkeling en fonologische ontwikkeling .................................................................. 16
Fonologische processen: .............................................................................................................................16
Coar;cula;e ............................................................................................................................. 16
Klemtoon .................................................................................................................................. 17
Pragma-ek ...................................................................................................................... 17
context ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Presupposi-e ................................................................................................................... 17
Deixis........................................................................................................................................ 17
Taalhandelingen (Aus;n) .......................................................................................................... 18
3 deelhandelingen .................................................................................................................... 18
Locu;e: ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Illocu;e........................................................................................................................................................18
Perlocu;e ....................................................................................................................................................19

Taalhandelingen (Searle) ................................................................................................. 19
Taxonomie van illocu;e: ........................................................................................................... 19
Speech act theory (Searle) ..........................................................................................................................19
Indirecte taalhandelingen (Searle) ............................................................................................ 20
Beleefdheid (Brown and Levinson) ............................................................................................ 20
Posi;eve beleefdheidsstrategieën ..............................................................................................................20
Nega;eve beleefdheidsstrategieën .............................................................................................................20
Samenwerkingsprincipe en conversa;onele maximes (Grice).................................................... 20
Vier conversa;onele maximes: “spelregels” ...............................................................................................21
Morfologie ....................................................................................................................... 21
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................... 21
Wat is een woord?.......................................................................................................................................21
Tokens/ types, inhoudswoorden en func;ewoorden ................................................................. 21
Morfologie ................................................................................................................................ 22
Morfemen en allomorfen .......................................................................................................... 22
Soorten morfemen ......................................................................................................................................23
Allomorf ......................................................................................................................................................24
Uitzonderingen: portemanteaumorfemen en confixen ..............................................................................24
Soorten morfemen: kort samengevat .........................................................................................................24
Flexie ........................................................................................................................................ 25
woordvorming .......................................................................................................................... 25
Composi;e ..................................................................................................................................................25
Deriva;e/ afleiding ................................................................................................................... 26
affixen (= suffix en prefix) = WVM (woordvormingsmorfeem) ....................................................................26
Conversie: verandering van woordsoort zonder morfologische verandering .............................................26
Gemo;veerdheid/ mo;va;e .................................................................................................... 26
Volledig gemo;veerde woordcombina;es..................................................................................................26
Gedeeltelijk gemo;veerde woordcombina;es ...........................................................................................26
Geïdiomiseerde woordcombina;es ............................................................................................................27
Ongemo;veerde woordcombina;es...........................................................................................................27


2

, Fone;sch gemo;veerde woordcombina;es ...............................................................................................27
Uitzonderingen/ bijzonderheden .............................................................................................. 27
Kofferwoorden/ samensmel;ngen..............................................................................................................27
Verkor;ngen en leierwoorden ...................................................................................................................27
Verdubbelingen ...........................................................................................................................................27
Ontleningen/ leenwoorden .........................................................................................................................28
Neologismen ...............................................................................................................................................28
Seman-ek ........................................................................................................................ 28
Betekenis is overal .................................................................................................................... 28
Klanken .................................................................................................................................... 28
iconiciteit .....................................................................................................................................................28
Klanken, de sociale betekenis......................................................................................................................28
Zinnen ...................................................................................................................................... 29
“colorless green ideas sleep furiously” -Chomsky .......................................................................................29
Types betekenis ........................................................................................................................ 29
Lexicale betekenis .......................................................................................................................................29
Gramma;cale betekenis..............................................................................................................................30
Zinsbetekenis...............................................................................................................................................30
Seman;sche betekenis ................................................................................................................................30

seman-sche theorieën ..................................................................................................... 31
componen;ële analyse ............................................................................................................. 31
Prototypegebaseerde sema;ek ..................................................................................................................32
Theorie van conceptuele metafoor .............................................................................................................32
Metonymie ..................................................................................................................................................33
seman;ek en pragma;ek: verschillen? .......................................................................................................33

Syntaxis ........................................................................................................................... 33
Wat is syntaxis? ........................................................................................................................ 33
Competen;e ............................................................................................................................. 33
Aanvaardbaarheid .................................................................................................................... 33
Taaltypologie ...............................................................................................................................................34
Lexicale categorieën, parts of speech, woordklassen, natures ................................................... 34
Overeenkomst syntaxis ............................................................................................................. 34
Afankelijkheidssyntaxis ........................................................................................................... 34
Cons;tuerende syntaxis ............................................................................................................ 35
Hoe vindt men de bestanddelen/ onderdelen? ..........................................................................................36
Basisbegrippen: ...........................................................................................................................................37
Boom metafoor ...........................................................................................................................................38
Familie metafoor .........................................................................................................................................38
Onderschikte bijzinnen................................................................................................................................38
Recursie .......................................................................................................................................................39
Structuur hee5/is betekenis of leidingen hebben zin ................................................................ 39
Informa;estructuur .....................................................................................................................................39




3

, Inleiding

Hoeveel talen zijn er?
Niet echt bekend…
(7168 talen ongeveer)
- Nog steeds worden nieuwe talen ontdekt
- Talen sterven alAjd uit
- Nieuwe talen worden “geboren” (o.a. door kolonialisme, opsplitsing van landen, etc.)
o Aparte talen in opsplitsing van landen: niet alAjd taalkundig maar door
naAonalisme en poliAek (bv. De Balkan)
- Talen veranderen: 1 taal kan nieuwe worden (bv. Het Afrikaans)

Hoeveel sprekers hee3 taal?
Niet duidelijk: veel mensen in meertalige omgeving opgegroeid (bv. In Brussel)
Niet meetbaar:
- Methodologische problemen
- Toegankelijkheid van gebieden
- OngeleRerdheid
- PoliAeke omstandigheden
o Oorlog (bv. Oekraïne)
o Gevaarlijk om je te uiten als spreker van taal (bv. Sprekers van Catalaans in
Ajden van Franco)

Waar komen talen vandaan?
Wetenschappelijke verklaringen

Onwetenschappelijke verklaring
Mythes van goddelijke interven6e, an6eke mythologie
(Bv. Toren van Babel)

Voorwetenschappelijke verklaring
O:o Jesperens (1925): “Language”
→ best slechte uitleg voor talen
Verliest zich in romanAsche voorstellen van leven van holbewoners:
Primi6eve mens maakt geluiden van natuur na
PrimiAeve mens maakt tussenwerpsels
PrimiAeve mens uit zich Ajdens fysieke arbeid

Wetenschappelijke verklaring
Ontstaan van mens, homo sapiens sapiens
EvoluAe: GrooRe van hersenen groter en posiAe van stroRenhoofd veranderd (lager)
NU: primaten hebben goede plek stroRenhoofd, maar niet cogniAeve mogelijkheden


Geografische verklaringen



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