Summary

Bouwstenen van de taal: volledige samenvatting

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Course
Bouwstenen van de taal

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)

Met deze samenvatting behaalde ik 16/20 in eerste zit! In dit document vindt u een volledige samenvatting van het vak "Bouwstenen van de taal" van de VUB. Dit document werd geschreven in december van 2023 en is nog steeds heel accuraat. Alles is duidelijk uitgelegd. Het helpt altijd om de slides...

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Uploaded on January 17, 2024
Number of pages 39
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

bouwstenen van de taal
de saussure
chomsky
bouwstenen
letteren
taal en letterkunde
toegepaste taalkunde
morfologie
semantiek
fonetiek
fonologie
morfosyntaxis
syntaxis
pragmatiek
lw

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
Education
Taal- en letterkunde
Course
Bouwstenen van de taal

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1. Summary - Bouwstenen van de taal: volledige samenvatting
2. Summary - Bouwstenen van de taal: extra uitleg
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Inhoudstafel
Inleiding............................................................................................................................. 4
Hoeveel talen zijn er? .................................................................................................................4
Hoeveel sprekers hee5 taal? .......................................................................................................4
Waar komen talen vandaan? ......................................................................................................4
Wetenschappelijke verklaringen ...................................................................................................................4
Geograﬁsche verklaringen .............................................................................................................................4
Een deﬁni;e van taal ..................................................................................................................5
De wetenschappelijke taalstudie.................................................................................................5
Een voorbeeld van de compara;eve methode .............................................................................................5
Ferdinand de Saussure en het ontstaan van de moderne taalkunde ............................................5
Cours de linguis;que générale ......................................................................................................................6
Navolgers de Saussure ................................................................................................................8
De Praagse school .........................................................................................................................................8
Amerikaans structuralisme............................................................................................................................8
Noam Chomsky (2de grote naam in taalkunde) ............................................................................9
Chomsky als taalkundige ...............................................................................................................................9
Chomsky als ﬁlosoof ......................................................................................................................................9
Chomsky als ac;vist ....................................................................................................................................10
De opvaLngen van Chomsky .................................................................................................... 10
Fone-ek en fonologie....................................................................................................... 10
Menselijke spraak ..................................................................................................................... 10
Fone;ek en fonologie ............................................................................................................... 11
Deﬁni;es: fone;ek en fonologie .................................................................................................................11
IPA ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Consonanten ...............................................................................................................................................12
Klinkers ........................................................................................................................................................12
Dis;nc;eve paren........................................................................................................................................13
Anatomische en fysiologische correlaten .................................................................................. 13
Ademhaling: proces.....................................................................................................................................14
Stemgeving: het proces ...............................................................................................................................14
Resonan;e: proces ......................................................................................................................................14
Ar;cula;e: het proces .................................................................................................................................14
Klinkers ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Hoogte .........................................................................................................................................................14
Realisa;e vooraan of achteraan ..................................................................................................................15
Gerondheid .................................................................................................................................................15
Frequen;es .................................................................................................................................................15
DiSong .........................................................................................................................................................15
Consonanten ............................................................................................................................ 15
Manier of wijze van ar;cula;e ....................................................................................................................15
Plaats van ar;cula;e ...................................................................................................................................16
Stemhebbend vs. stemloos .........................................................................................................................16

1

, Foneemontwikkeling en fonologische ontwikkeling .................................................................. 16
Fonologische processen: .............................................................................................................................16
Coar;cula;e ............................................................................................................................. 16
Klemtoon .................................................................................................................................. 17
Pragma-ek ...................................................................................................................... 17
context ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Presupposi-e ................................................................................................................... 17
Deixis........................................................................................................................................ 17
Taalhandelingen (Aus;n) .......................................................................................................... 18
3 deelhandelingen .................................................................................................................... 18
Locu;e: ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Illocu;e........................................................................................................................................................18
Perlocu;e ....................................................................................................................................................19

Taalhandelingen (Searle) ................................................................................................. 19
Taxonomie van illocu;e: ........................................................................................................... 19
Speech act theory (Searle) ..........................................................................................................................19
Indirecte taalhandelingen (Searle) ............................................................................................ 20
Beleefdheid (Brown and Levinson) ............................................................................................ 20
Posi;eve beleefdheidsstrategieën ..............................................................................................................20
Nega;eve beleefdheidsstrategieën .............................................................................................................20
Samenwerkingsprincipe en conversa;onele maximes (Grice).................................................... 20
Vier conversa;onele maximes: “spelregels” ...............................................................................................21
Morfologie ....................................................................................................................... 21
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................... 21
Wat is een woord?.......................................................................................................................................21
Tokens/ types, inhoudswoorden en func;ewoorden ................................................................. 21
Morfologie ................................................................................................................................ 22
Morfemen en allomorfen .......................................................................................................... 22
Soorten morfemen ......................................................................................................................................23
Allomorf ......................................................................................................................................................24
Uitzonderingen: portemanteaumorfemen en conﬁxen ..............................................................................24
Soorten morfemen: kort samengevat .........................................................................................................24
Flexie ........................................................................................................................................ 25
woordvorming .......................................................................................................................... 25
Composi;e ..................................................................................................................................................25
Deriva;e/ aﬂeiding ................................................................................................................... 26
aﬃxen (= suﬃx en preﬁx) = WVM (woordvormingsmorfeem) ....................................................................26
Conversie: verandering van woordsoort zonder morfologische verandering .............................................26
Gemo;veerdheid/ mo;va;e .................................................................................................... 26
Volledig gemo;veerde woordcombina;es..................................................................................................26
Gedeeltelijk gemo;veerde woordcombina;es ...........................................................................................26
Geïdiomiseerde woordcombina;es ............................................................................................................27
Ongemo;veerde woordcombina;es...........................................................................................................27

2

, Fone;sch gemo;veerde woordcombina;es ...............................................................................................27
Uitzonderingen/ bijzonderheden .............................................................................................. 27
Koﬀerwoorden/ samensmel;ngen..............................................................................................................27
Verkor;ngen en leierwoorden ...................................................................................................................27
Verdubbelingen ...........................................................................................................................................27
Ontleningen/ leenwoorden .........................................................................................................................28
Neologismen ...............................................................................................................................................28
Seman-ek ........................................................................................................................ 28
Betekenis is overal .................................................................................................................... 28
Klanken .................................................................................................................................... 28
iconiciteit .....................................................................................................................................................28
Klanken, de sociale betekenis......................................................................................................................28
Zinnen ...................................................................................................................................... 29
“colorless green ideas sleep furiously” -Chomsky .......................................................................................29
Types betekenis ........................................................................................................................ 29
Lexicale betekenis .......................................................................................................................................29
Gramma;cale betekenis..............................................................................................................................30
Zinsbetekenis...............................................................................................................................................30
Seman;sche betekenis ................................................................................................................................30

seman-sche theorieën ..................................................................................................... 31
componen;ële analyse ............................................................................................................. 31
Prototypegebaseerde sema;ek ..................................................................................................................32
Theorie van conceptuele metafoor .............................................................................................................32
Metonymie ..................................................................................................................................................33
seman;ek en pragma;ek: verschillen? .......................................................................................................33

Syntaxis ........................................................................................................................... 33
Wat is syntaxis? ........................................................................................................................ 33
Competen;e ............................................................................................................................. 33
Aanvaardbaarheid .................................................................................................................... 33
Taaltypologie ...............................................................................................................................................34
Lexicale categorieën, parts of speech, woordklassen, natures ................................................... 34
Overeenkomst syntaxis ............................................................................................................. 34
Afankelijkheidssyntaxis ........................................................................................................... 34
Cons;tuerende syntaxis ............................................................................................................ 35
Hoe vindt men de bestanddelen/ onderdelen? ..........................................................................................36
Basisbegrippen: ...........................................................................................................................................37
Boom metafoor ...........................................................................................................................................38
Familie metafoor .........................................................................................................................................38
Onderschikte bijzinnen................................................................................................................................38
Recursie .......................................................................................................................................................39
Structuur hee5/is betekenis of leidingen hebben zin ................................................................ 39
Informa;estructuur .....................................................................................................................................39

3

, Inleiding

Hoeveel talen zijn er?
Niet echt bekend…
(7168 talen ongeveer)
- Nog steeds worden nieuwe talen ontdekt
- Talen sterven alAjd uit
- Nieuwe talen worden “geboren” (o.a. door kolonialisme, opsplitsing van landen, etc.)
o Aparte talen in opsplitsing van landen: niet alAjd taalkundig maar door
naAonalisme en poliAek (bv. De Balkan)
- Talen veranderen: 1 taal kan nieuwe worden (bv. Het Afrikaans)

Hoeveel sprekers hee3 taal?
Niet duidelijk: veel mensen in meertalige omgeving opgegroeid (bv. In Brussel)
Niet meetbaar:
- Methodologische problemen
- Toegankelijkheid van gebieden
- OngeleRerdheid
- PoliAeke omstandigheden
o Oorlog (bv. Oekraïne)
o Gevaarlijk om je te uiten als spreker van taal (bv. Sprekers van Catalaans in
Ajden van Franco)

Waar komen talen vandaan?
Wetenschappelijke verklaringen

Onwetenschappelijke verklaring
Mythes van goddelijke interven6e, an6eke mythologie
(Bv. Toren van Babel)

Voorwetenschappelijke verklaring
O:o Jesperens (1925): “Language”
→ best slechte uitleg voor talen
Verliest zich in romanAsche voorstellen van leven van holbewoners:
Primi6eve mens maakt geluiden van natuur na
PrimiAeve mens maakt tussenwerpsels
PrimiAeve mens uit zich Ajdens fysieke arbeid

Wetenschappelijke verklaring
Ontstaan van mens, homo sapiens sapiens
EvoluAe: GrooRe van hersenen groter en posiAe van stroRenhoofd veranderd (lager)
NU: primaten hebben goede plek stroRenhoofd, maar niet cogniAeve mogelijkheden

Geograﬁsche verklaringen

4

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