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CELL SCIENCE
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Cell ScienceMonomers and Polymers: Disaccharides:
Biomolecules Monomers –
• Molecules that are subunits of polymers
• Two monosaccharide covalently linked
• Always contain glucose
• Simple sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides • Maltose
Organic Molecules: Polymers – • Dimer of glucose
• The molecules of life – carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and • Molecules that consists multiple monomers • Makes up starch
nucleic acids are organic molecules • Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids • Lactose
Organic – the type of molecules that consists primarily of carbon • Glucose and galactose
Condensation and Hydrolysis: • Milk sugar
and hydrogen atoms • Broken down by lactase (those missing the enzyme
Condensation (water forms) –
• Process by which enzyme builds large molecules from smaller are intolerant)
Elemental abundances: subunits • Sucrose
Hydrolysis (water is used) – • Glucose and Fructose
• Process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller • Table sugar
subunits by attaching a hydroxyl to one part and a hydrogen
atom to the other Polysaccharides:
• Polymers of hundreds of simple sugars
• Structural roles
• Chitin
• Cellulose
• Energy storage
• Starch
• Glycogen
Carbon:
• Central to all biological molecules
• 4 out of 8 electrons in our shell needed to be stable Glucose:
• Most important biological sugar
• Can form stable covalent bonds with many other
Carbohydrates: • Glucose provides energy for the brain and half of energy for
atoms
• Formed from the building blocks or monomers of simple sugars, muscles and tissues
• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen such as glucose
• Carbohydrates • Glucose is immediate energy
• Monomers can be linked to form larger carbohydrate polymers
known • Glucose is reserve energy
• Lipids
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen • Polysaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates The problem of glucose:
• Proteins
• We need a lot of glucose to power our tissues
Monosaccharide: • Glucose is highly soluble and exerts osmotic pressure
Building organic molecules: • Simple sugar based around a common formula
• 6 carbon • Osmosis is when water diffuses into or out of cells to balance
• Carbon atoms bond covalently with up to four other atoms,
• 12 hydrogen osmotic pressure
often forming long chains or rings
• 6 oxygen
• Enzyme-driven reactions construct large molecules from • Different structures possible Glycogen:
smaller subunits, and break large molecules into smaller ones
• 1 million glucose joined by covalent bonds
• Branches every 5-6 glucose
From structure to function:
• Highly soluble
• Cells assemble large polymers from smaller monomers, and
break apart polymers into component monomers
Metabolism – all enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which Lipids:
cell acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic • Water insoluble cell component
molecules • No common structures
• Fats and phospholipids – glycerol backbone
• Steroids
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