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RESPIRATORY AND CARDIAC
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Jane Carr - Wilkinson (HCS109)“ Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the Conducting Zone: Structure of Lower Respiratory System Airways:
environment and the cells of the body “ • Major function – to condition inspired air • Lungs surrounded by pleural membrane
• Warms and humidifies inspired air
• 37°c • Parietal pleura attached to diaphragm and lining thoracic cavity
Four major functions of external respiration: • Water vapour • Visceral pleura attached to the lungs
1. Pulmonary ventilation – inflow and outflow of air between the • Nose – function to filter, entrap and clear particles greater than • Pleural cavity with little fluid between pleurae (VP and PP)
atmosphere and the lung alveoli 10µM • Pleural fluid assists in breathing movements
• Nasal resistance increase with viral infections and increased
2. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood airflow eg. During exercise • Acting as lubricant – moist environment to freely
3. Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood and body fluids • Nasal secretion contained important immunoglobulin, move and expand
4. Regulation of ventilation inflammatory cells and interferon • Holds lungs against the thoracic cavity
Larynx: flow of air allow to the respiratory system Upper Airways: The flow of O2 across the barrier [ blood/gas barrier, aveoli à
protection of voice box • Ciliated epithelial lining of the airways
• Mucus is secreted by epithelial cells and glands blood ] separating the blood from air or water occurs by diffusion
can be known as a “ voice box “ • Cilia propel the mucus upwards towards the trachea down a pressure gradient from a high point of PO2 to lower point of
at the rate of 1cm/min PO2
• White blood cells – leave nearby capillaries to populate the
surface of the airway and alveoli O 2: air à lungs à blood à cells
CO2: cells à blood à lungs à air
Two lungs: Left and Right:
• Right lung – 3 lobes
• Superior, Middle, Inferior Efficient external gas exchanger, a developed circulatory system
• Left lung – 2 lobes and the operational capabilities of the mitochondria in the cells
• Superior and Inferior results in a system that can convert O2 and carbohydrates into
energy needed by man to meet the demands of daily living.
Structure of Airways:
• Lungs are ventilated with atmospheric air – tree like airways
• Airways – conducts air between atmosphere and alveoli Structure and Function:
• Within the lung – primary bronchus branches extensively to • Lungs are ventilated with atmospheric air by a ‘tree-like’ airway
secondary bronchi then segmental tertiary bronchi • Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (contains vocal chords), trachea
• Subsequent into further branches – terminal bronchioles and right & left primary bronchi
“ size of bronchioles decreases, surface area increases”
Respiratory Zone: Ventilation – action of breathing and muscles
• Region of gas exchange between air and blood Gas Exchange – between air and capillaries in lungs (external)
• Bronchioles between systemic capillaries and tissues (internal)
• Alveoli Utilization of O2 – cellular respiration in mitochondria
Alveoli:
• The basic functional unit of the lung – acinus
• Site of gas exchange
• Arise from a single terminal bronchiole
• Stem of the bunch – branches into alveolar ducts
• Each lung contains around 300,000 alveoli – sponge-like
consistency
• Supports mesh of elastic connective tissue cells –
Parenchymal cells
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