Table of Contents
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Voting:..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Inequality:........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Direct democracy:............................................................................................................................................ 21
Post-communism:............................................................................................................................................ 27
Populism.............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Arab Spring......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Identity movements........................................................................................................................................ 53
Movement politics............................................................................................................................................ 56
Internet & politics............................................................................................................................................ 60
Radicalization................................................................................................................................................... 63
1
,Introducton
Van Deth, J. W. (2014). A conceptual map of political participation. Acta Politica,
49(3), 349–367.
Expansive ways of participating
Decline in participation convention/restriction conceptions of
political participation
More inclusive definition - Change in mode
Political participation definition ~ citizens' activities affecting
politics
o Voting, demonstrating, boycotting, guerilla gardening,
volunteering, flash mobs etc
An activity
o Not passive
Done by people as citizens (not politicians or professional
lobbyists)
Voluntary
Deals with government, politics or the state in a broad sense -
neither restricted to specific phases (policy making) or specific levels
(natioal elections, etc)
Civic engagement 'includes any activity, individual or collective,
devoted to influencing the collective life of the polity'
Distinction ? - any organised action or social behaviour or any
activity aimed at change or influencing collective life is covered by these
broad approaches
Rule 5: Is the activity targeted at the sphere of
government/state/politics?
Rule 6: Is the activity aimed at solving collective or community
problems?
Rule 7: Is the activity used to express political aims and
intentions of participants?
o Activity satisfied first 3 rules but is located neither in the
political arena or aimed at political actors or collective probems can
be a form of political participation if used to express political aims and
intentions
o i.e. political consumerism - politics when people knowinly
target market actors to express their opinions on justic, fairness or
non-economic issues
*Rule 7:
o Political and non-political subvariant can be distinguished
i.e. attend demonstration to find a partner
opportunity or cast a vote to help an acquaintance
Conceptual map - allows recognse modes of participation but can
also specify operationalizations systematically and efficiently
2
, More importantly, the rise of expressive modes of participation
requires the inclusion of aims and goals of participants, but should not
force us to expand our concepts and to make them unnecessarily
complicated.
Minimalist definition: ‘conventional modes of participation,’ ‘institutional modes of
participation’
1. Behaviour?
2. Voluntary action
3. Activity done by citizens
4. Located in the sphere of government/state/politics
In case activity not in the sphere of govt:
5. Activity targeted at the sphere of govt/state/politics
a. Targeted political action
b. No aims/intentions considered
6. Is the activity aimed at solving collective/community probkems
a. Political for problem solving/helping others aimed at shared
problems
b. Amaeteur, voluntary activities not located in, or targeted at, the sphere of
govt/state/politic
c. Citizens’ initiatives, neighbourhood committees
d. No aims/intentions considered
7. Is the activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants
a. Rules 1+, 2+, 3+, 4-, 5-, 6-
b. Political consumerism is politics when people knowingly target market
actors to express their opinions on justice, fairness or noneconomic
issues that concern personal and family well-being
c. = motivational definition of political participation
7.* Is the political activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants?
Sub-variants
o Political and
o Non-political
Attend demonstrations find partner, cast a vote help an
acquaintance
Borderline: non political activities for non-political goals
3
, Votng:
Geys, B. (2006). Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research.
Electoral Studies 25: 637-663.
Turnout = absolute number of people votnn in the electon or as the share of
the populaton
Operatonalisaton of the populaton needed
Voter turnout is the rato of the number of votes cast to some populaton
measure
o Populaton of votnn ane
o Populaton that is elinible to vote
o People renistered to vote
Non renistraton may be politcal choice
Socio-economic varibale
o Populaton size
Greater size, smaller probability sinnle voter make a diference
Vote in order to channe outcome of the electon
Benefts increase if expected diference between the
candidates nad the probability afectnn electon result
Decrease expected utlity binner populaton
o Populaton concentraton
Proxies diferences urbanrrural
Sociolonical theory urbanisaton --> weakeninn of
interpersonal bonds
Cites individualistc, less social pressure to vote
Politcsrelectons may be more personal low density areas
Results rail support populaton concentraton reduces turnout
o Populaton stability
Expected increase
Feelinns identfcatonrnroup solidarity --> social
pressure
Residinn same area lonn period, increase knowledne
local issuesrcandidates --> decreases informaton costs of
votnn
Hinher (out)minraton may indicate hinher non-votnn
as potental voters minht live elsewhere in the near future and
unafected by local policy
Measures: populaton mobility, populaton nrowth,
homeownership
4
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 2
Voting:..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Inequality:........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Direct democracy:............................................................................................................................................ 21
Post-communism:............................................................................................................................................ 27
Populism.............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Arab Spring......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Identity movements........................................................................................................................................ 53
Movement politics............................................................................................................................................ 56
Internet & politics............................................................................................................................................ 60
Radicalization................................................................................................................................................... 63
1
,Introducton
Van Deth, J. W. (2014). A conceptual map of political participation. Acta Politica,
49(3), 349–367.
Expansive ways of participating
Decline in participation convention/restriction conceptions of
political participation
More inclusive definition - Change in mode
Political participation definition ~ citizens' activities affecting
politics
o Voting, demonstrating, boycotting, guerilla gardening,
volunteering, flash mobs etc
An activity
o Not passive
Done by people as citizens (not politicians or professional
lobbyists)
Voluntary
Deals with government, politics or the state in a broad sense -
neither restricted to specific phases (policy making) or specific levels
(natioal elections, etc)
Civic engagement 'includes any activity, individual or collective,
devoted to influencing the collective life of the polity'
Distinction ? - any organised action or social behaviour or any
activity aimed at change or influencing collective life is covered by these
broad approaches
Rule 5: Is the activity targeted at the sphere of
government/state/politics?
Rule 6: Is the activity aimed at solving collective or community
problems?
Rule 7: Is the activity used to express political aims and
intentions of participants?
o Activity satisfied first 3 rules but is located neither in the
political arena or aimed at political actors or collective probems can
be a form of political participation if used to express political aims and
intentions
o i.e. political consumerism - politics when people knowinly
target market actors to express their opinions on justic, fairness or
non-economic issues
*Rule 7:
o Political and non-political subvariant can be distinguished
i.e. attend demonstration to find a partner
opportunity or cast a vote to help an acquaintance
Conceptual map - allows recognse modes of participation but can
also specify operationalizations systematically and efficiently
2
, More importantly, the rise of expressive modes of participation
requires the inclusion of aims and goals of participants, but should not
force us to expand our concepts and to make them unnecessarily
complicated.
Minimalist definition: ‘conventional modes of participation,’ ‘institutional modes of
participation’
1. Behaviour?
2. Voluntary action
3. Activity done by citizens
4. Located in the sphere of government/state/politics
In case activity not in the sphere of govt:
5. Activity targeted at the sphere of govt/state/politics
a. Targeted political action
b. No aims/intentions considered
6. Is the activity aimed at solving collective/community probkems
a. Political for problem solving/helping others aimed at shared
problems
b. Amaeteur, voluntary activities not located in, or targeted at, the sphere of
govt/state/politic
c. Citizens’ initiatives, neighbourhood committees
d. No aims/intentions considered
7. Is the activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants
a. Rules 1+, 2+, 3+, 4-, 5-, 6-
b. Political consumerism is politics when people knowingly target market
actors to express their opinions on justice, fairness or noneconomic
issues that concern personal and family well-being
c. = motivational definition of political participation
7.* Is the political activity used to express political aims and intentions of participants?
Sub-variants
o Political and
o Non-political
Attend demonstrations find partner, cast a vote help an
acquaintance
Borderline: non political activities for non-political goals
3
, Votng:
Geys, B. (2006). Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research.
Electoral Studies 25: 637-663.
Turnout = absolute number of people votnn in the electon or as the share of
the populaton
Operatonalisaton of the populaton needed
Voter turnout is the rato of the number of votes cast to some populaton
measure
o Populaton of votnn ane
o Populaton that is elinible to vote
o People renistered to vote
Non renistraton may be politcal choice
Socio-economic varibale
o Populaton size
Greater size, smaller probability sinnle voter make a diference
Vote in order to channe outcome of the electon
Benefts increase if expected diference between the
candidates nad the probability afectnn electon result
Decrease expected utlity binner populaton
o Populaton concentraton
Proxies diferences urbanrrural
Sociolonical theory urbanisaton --> weakeninn of
interpersonal bonds
Cites individualistc, less social pressure to vote
Politcsrelectons may be more personal low density areas
Results rail support populaton concentraton reduces turnout
o Populaton stability
Expected increase
Feelinns identfcatonrnroup solidarity --> social
pressure
Residinn same area lonn period, increase knowledne
local issuesrcandidates --> decreases informaton costs of
votnn
Hinher (out)minraton may indicate hinher non-votnn
as potental voters minht live elsewhere in the near future and
unafected by local policy
Measures: populaton mobility, populaton nrowth,
homeownership
4
