Geschiedenis van de Europese expansie tijdens de Vroegmoderne Tijd
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Summary - History of European Expansion During the Early Modern Period
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Geschiedenis van de Europese expansie tijdens de Vroegmoderne Tijd
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Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Here is the summary of both the powerpoints and additional lecture notes. For example, it is not necessary to read the extra book on Ufora. I followed all the lessons and always paid close attention. This makes the profession certainly feasible, it contains a lot of details, but Limberger is the ma...
Geschiedenis van de Europese expansie tijdens de Vroegmoderne Tijd
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Textbook: a pdf from Reinhard. Covers most of the major topics, not only collonisation, but most
practical and usefull.
Use is complementary. He theaches and extra information in book.
Geen opnames
3 min voorstelling (moet kort zijn doordat er veel studenten zijn) in het tweede deel van het
semester. Ook een korte paper (5 of 6 paginas).
1 examenvraag over je eigen paper. 20% of je punten
History of discoveries to european expansion: tells something about the system. Influences expanded
Overseas: we kunnen ook de russen invoegen, want ze waren enorm voor op onze tijd, maar wij
bestuderen dit niet. Wij focussen op de athlantic.
We spreken niet over European integration, omdat het niet stopt in 1800.
1800 is niet het einde, collonialisme bleef verder duren.
Maar we gaan ook verder dan die 2 data.
Les 1: Inleiding
What is European Overseas Expansion?
- Terminology (discoveries, overseas empires, first colonial age, Trading companies…)
o Terminologie is veranderd doorheen de tijd. Van ontdekkingen (waar Europa redelijk
trots op is), overzeese empires. Deze 2 spreken over totaal andere dingen. De eerste
kolloniale tijd: 16-17 eeuw, maar dit is anders doorheen tijd en in Afrika zo, maar
anders voor Zuid-Amerika of Azie. Verschillende manieren om over kolloniaal te
denekn.
o The trading companies: waren ook tools die Europeanen gebruikten om overzeese
handel te kunnen doen. Het werkte goed voor Nl en GB, maar minder voor andere en
dus veel concurrentie en competitie.
- 1980’s: European expansion
- One phenomenon – many faces
- Different initiatives (Port., Span., Dutch, British, French…) – but closely related
- In global History
1
,-
o Dit is bijna globaal!
o Dit is ook een Europese kaart, want het is totaal nog niet covering, maar zo stellen ze
het wel voor. Vaak maar een lappendeken, hardl setled or hardly European system.
o Big difference between the two.
o Bv in Azie, waren heel llimited om binnn te mogen
o Dus heel verschillend op vlak van landen en de regios
- ‘La mayor cosa después de la creación del mundo, sacando la encarnación y muerte del que
lo crió, es el descubrimiento de Indias; y así las llaman Nuevo Mundo. Y no tanto le dicen
nuevo por ser nuevamente hallado, cuanto por ser grandísimo y casi tan grande como el
viejo, que contiene a Europa, África y Asia. También se puede llamar nuevo por ser todas sus
cosas diferentísimas de las del nuestro.’
o Francisco Lopez de Gómara
o Historia General de las Indias(1552)
▪ Toch wordt de 1500 gezien als een groot kantelpunt
▪ The discovery of the indies is the major point of the world since the
incarnation of christ.
▪ Wordt als de nieuwe wereld gezien: het is nieuw discovered, het is heel groot
en bijna even groot als de oude wereld dus echt een 2de wereld. Old wolrd
(europe, afrika and asia) en worden in de 16e eeuw dus als gekende wereld
worden gezien (ookal was nog niet alles gekend).
▪ Ook nieuw omdat het zo anders is dan onze oude wereld.
- William McNeill: "the encounter between Europeans, the New World, and Africa is "the
central axis of modern history“
o Historian: pionir in global historical writing.
- K.N. Chaudhuri: the combination of geographical expansion and mental widening of society
make European expansion an exceptional event – overseas trade and in combination with
political control from a great distance was a novelty.
o Indian. Maar gestudeerd in GB. De staten vanaf de 16e eeuw: waren niet coherent,
maar waren sattelietstaten. Ze werden gedomineerd vanuit Europa, werd dus
uitgebreid en uitgebuit. Dit was nieuw!
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, - F. Braudel: “dé-frontièrisation du monde”
o Braudel! Franse Anal school heel interdisciplinair. Schreef over de geschiedenis over
de mediteraanse landen. Hij ging dan 3 volumes schrijven over de economische
geschiedenis van de wereld. Ze dachten aan de economische wereldsysteem.
Following him the world became more or less global.
- D. Abernethy: What ocurred in the course of Europe's expansion had a profound impact on
the modern history of all continents. Since the fifteenth century, west Europeans have sent
forth their inhabitants, their several versions of Christian faith, their attitudes towards nature
(taking and using), their languages, intellectual and political controversies, consumer goods,
diseases, death-dealing and life enhancing technologies, commercial institutions, government
bureaucracies, and values. Entire regions were directly incorporated, in a kind of global
enclosure movement, into overseas empires.
o The impact of collonisation in world history.
o List of things that changed bcs of European expansion.
o Minder Afrika en Asie zijn er minder inwonende gestuurd.
o Intellectual and political controversies (later period): revolution haietie was bcs of the
intellectual movements that were active in Europe. Globalisations of intellectual
debats.
o Columbian exchange: discovery of Amerika: plants, horses and deseases were spread
over the world.
o Life enhancing technologies: medicines. (nam vooral later toe)
… In global history
- European domination (America, Africa, Asia, Australia + Pacific) – Colonialism - cultural
hegemony
- World Trade: Atlantic trade (Atlantic System) Africa
o Indian Ocean
o East Asia/Pacific
o ‘Modern World System’
o Capitalism
▪ Cultural hegemony is een langdurig gevolg en er is ook wereldhandel
▪ Atlantic system (weeral systeem denken!!). Vaak het driehoeksverhaal.
▪ Pacific was less travelled: the portugese were dominating and the spanish
couldnt come, but they had acces in America trhough the pacific. Took quit a
time to get that trade route. Magellaan was de eerste Europeaan die dit deed
1520.
▪ Filipeens werden ontdekt als spaanse kolonie: 1560 zo lang heeft het dus
geduurt omdat ze met de Portugesen moesten onderhandelen maar ook met
de zee. Niet gemakkelijk over te steken.
▪ Toen konden we begonnen spreken ook over capitalisme: niet alleen
productiewijze, mar ook een wereldwijde systeem van exchange
- Globalization – connectedness
- Maritime connections
- Columbian Exchange
- Migration (incl. slaves)
- Knowledge transfers
- Cultural exchange
- Material culture
3
, - & architecture
- Consumption patterns
Good or bad?
- Mainstream thought: bad: killed, bad things has happened. How to make a judgment about
history.
- The discovery of America, and that of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope,
are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind. Their
consequences have already been very great: but, in the short period of between two and
three centuries which has elapsed since these discoveries were made, it is impossible that
the whole extent of their consequences can have been seen. What benefits, or what
misfortunes to mankind may hereafter result from those great events, no human wisdom can
foresee. By uniting, in some measure, the most distant parts of the world, by enabling them
to relieve one another's wants, to increase one another's enjoyments, and to encourage one
another's industry, their general tendency would seem to be beneficial.. (Adam Smith, -1776)
o Adam smith
o Father of modern economy theory: free trade. Late 18th century
o He is a beniftter of the global trade, GB became rich bcs of that
- To the natives however, both of the East and West Indies, all the commercial benefits which
can have resulted from those events have been sunk and lost in the dreadful misfortunes
which they have occasioned. These misfortunes, however, seem to have arisen rather from
accident than from anything in the nature of those events themselves. At the particular time
when these discoveries were made, the superiority of force happened to be so great on the
side of the Europeans that they were enabled to commit with impunity every sort of injustice
in those remote countries. Hereafter, perhaps, the natives of those countries may grow
stronger, or those of Europe may grow weaker, and the inhabitants of all the different
quarters of the world may arrive at that equality of courage and force which, by inspiring
mutual fear, can alone overawe the injustice of independent nations into some sort of
respect for the rights of one another. But nothing seems more likely to establish this equality
of force than that mutual communication of knowledge and of all sorts of improvements
which an extensive commerce from all countries to all countries naturally, or rather
necessarily, carries along with it. .”
- (The Wealth of Nations, part IV, ch. VII)
o Hij is wel niet blind voor de onjuiste dingen die gebeurd zijn met de natives. Hij weet
dat het komt door de macht die de Europeanen gekregen en veroverd hadden en hij
weet ook dat er een betere powerbalance moet komen (het kan ook zijn dat er dan
een balance of fears komen).
o Hij weet dat injustice is gebeurd, maar niet door de interactie, maar hoe de macht
door de Europeanen is misbruikt.
- If we compare with this ultimate end the inhospitable conduct of the civilized states of our
continent, especially the commercial states, the injustice which they display in visiting foreign
countries and peoples (which in their case is the same as conquering them) seems appallingly
great. America, the Negro countries, the Spice Islands, the Cape, etc. were looked upon at the
time of their discovery as ownerless territories; for the native inhabitants were counted as
nothing. In East India (Hindustan), foreign troops were brought in under the pretext of merely
setting up trading posts.
- This led to oppression of the natives, incitement of the various Indian states to widespread
wars, famine, insurrection, treachery and the whole litany of evils which can afflict the
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