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Samenvatting algemene psychologie

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Uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak algemene psychologie, gemaakt a.d.h.v. notities tijdens de lessen, het handboek en de powerpoints. Uit het eerste semester van de eerste bachelor psychologie.

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  • May 31, 2018
  • 98
  • 2016/2017
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Algemene psychologie 2016-17




INHOUDSOPGAVE

ALGEMENE PSYCHOLOGIE.................................................................................................................7

INLEIDING: WAT IS PSYCHOLOGIE?....................................................................................................7
1. EEN DEFINITIE VAN PSYCHOLOGIE...........................................................................................................7
2. ONTWIKKELINGEN DIE DE PSYCHOLOGIE MOGELIJK GEMAAKT HEBBEN............................................................7
2.1 REDE, INTUÏTIE EN GELOOF......................................................................................................................7
2.2 DE WETENSCHAPPELIJKE REVOLUTIE..........................................................................................................7
2.3 DE COPERNICAANSE REVOLUTIE...............................................................................................................7
2.4 START TWEE CULTUREN..........................................................................................................................7
2.5 ONTWIKKELINGEN IN DE FILOSOFIE............................................................................................................8
2.6 DE EVOLUTIETHEORIE.............................................................................................................................8
2.7 EERSTE PSYCHOLOGISCHE EXPERIMENTEN...................................................................................................8
3. BEGINJAREN VAN DE . .........................................................................................................................8
3.1 STRUCTURALISME..................................................................................................................................8
3.2 GESTALTPSYCHOLOGIE............................................................................................................................9
3.3 FUNCTIONALISME..................................................................................................................................9
3.4 BEHAVIORISME.....................................................................................................................................9

 SKINNER: MENTALE PROCESSEN BESTAAN NIET..............................................................................9
3.5 HERMENEUTISCHE ALTERNATIEF...............................................................................................................9

FREUD: PSYCHOANALYSE..................................................................................................................9
3.6 SAMENVATTING..................................................................................................................................10
4. DE HEDENDAAGSE ...........................................................................................................................10
4.1 HET BELANG VAN BIOLOGIE...................................................................................................................10
4.2 HET BELANG VAN COGNITIEVE PROCESSEN................................................................................................10
4.3 HET BELANG VAN SOCIAAL-CULTURELE CONTEXT........................................................................................10
5. ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN IN DE . ..........................................................................................................11
5.1 BESCHRIJVEND ONDERZOEK...................................................................................................................11

 NADEEL: GENERALISEERBAARHEID.................................................................................................12
5.2 CORRELATIE-ONDERZOEK......................................................................................................................12
5.3 EXPERIMENTEEL ONDERZOEK.................................................................................................................13

1. VOOR HET EXPERIMENT:.............................................................................................................13

2. HYPOTHESEFORMULERING: VOORSPELLING OP BASIS V/E THEORIE DIE IN EEN EXPERIMENT
WORDT GETOETST...........................................................................................................................13

3. IN EXPERIMENT ‘GIETEN’:...........................................................................................................13

4. DATA VERZAMELEN EN ANALYSEREN:.........................................................................................13



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5. EVALUEREN HYPOTHESE EN TERUGKOPPELING THEORIE:...........................................................13
6. IS WETENSCHAP ALTIJD JUIST?.............................................................................................................13
6.1 FOUTEN BIJ HET ONDERZOEK.................................................................................................................13
6.2 CONVERGERENDE EVIDENTIE..................................................................................................................14

HOOFDSTUK 3: GEWAARWORDING.................................................................................................15
1. GEWAARWORDING VS WAARNEMING..................................................................................................15
1.1 VIJF EXTRA ZINTUIGEN..........................................................................................................................15
2. HET GEZICHTSVERMOGEN...................................................................................................................15
2.1 DE FYSICA VAN HET LICHT.....................................................................................................................15
2.2 HET OOG EN DE GEZICHTSBANEN............................................................................................................15
2.3 HELDERHEID EN LICHTPERCEPTIE.............................................................................................................16
2.4 KLEURPERCEPTIE.................................................................................................................................17
3. HET GEHOOR...................................................................................................................................17
3.1 DE FYSICA VAN HET GELUID...................................................................................................................17
3.2 HET OOR...........................................................................................................................................17
3.3 PERCEPTIE VAN TOONSTERKTE, -HOOGTE EN KLANKKLEUR...........................................................................17
3.4 GEHOORVERLIES EN DE BEHANDELING ERVAN............................................................................................18
4. DE REUKZIN....................................................................................................................................18
4.1 GEUREN DETECTEREN EN IDENTIFICEREN..................................................................................................18
5. DE SMAAKZIN..................................................................................................................................19
6. DE ZINTUIGEN VAN DE HUID...............................................................................................................19
6.1 DRUK EN TEMPERATUUR.......................................................................................................................19
6.2 PIJN..................................................................................................................................................20
7. KINESTHESIE EN EVENWICHTSGEVOEL....................................................................................................20
8. PSYCHOFYSICA.................................................................................................................................21
9. CROSSMODALE INTEGRATIE................................................................................................................21

HOOFDSTUK 4: WAARNEMING........................................................................................................22
1. VAN ZINTUIGLIJKE GEWAARWORDING NAAR WAARNEMING.......................................................................22
1.1 GEWAARWORDING IS EEN ACTIEF PROCES................................................................................................22
1.2 VAN DE RETINA NAAR DE HERSENEN: BOTTOM-UPPROCESSEN.....................................................................23
1.3 WAARNEMING VAN DIEPTE EN BEWEGING................................................................................................25
1.4 WAARNEMING EN ACTIE.......................................................................................................................26
1.5 WAARNEMING EN LEREN......................................................................................................................27

HOOFDSTUK 6: CONDITIONERING EN LEREN...................................................................................29
1. SITUERING......................................................................................................................................29
2. KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING...............................................................................................................29
2.1 DE INZICHTEN VAN PAVLOV...................................................................................................................29
2.2 KENMERKEN.......................................................................................................................................30
2.3 PROBLEMEN.......................................................................................................................................30
2.4 HET COGNITIEVE ALTERNATIEF................................................................................................................31




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 S-R..................................................................................................................................................31
2.5 KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING BIJ MENSEN..................................................................................................31
3. OPERANTE CONDITIONERING...............................................................................................................32
3.1 THORNDIKE EN SKINNER.......................................................................................................................32
3.2 BEKRACHTIGING..................................................................................................................................33
3.3 STRAF...............................................................................................................................................34
3.4 HET BELANG VAN DE CONTEXT...............................................................................................................36
3.5 WAT WORDT BIJ OPERANTE CONDITIONERING GELEERD?.............................................................................36
4. OBSERVEREND LEREN........................................................................................................................37
4.1 CULTURELE VERSCHILLEN.......................................................................................................................37
5. CASE: CONDITIONERING ZONDER BEWUSTZIJN........................................................................................38
6. LEREN: NEURONAAL..........................................................................................................................38

HOOFDSTUK 7: ONTHOUDEN EN VERGETEN....................................................................................39
1. ACHTERGROND................................................................................................................................39
1.1 DE REMINISCENTIEBULT........................................................................................................................39
1.2 DE BEVINDINGEN VAN EBBINGHAUS........................................................................................................39
1.3 HET GEHEUGEN BESTAAT UIT VERSCHILLENDE GEHEUGENSYSTEMEN..............................................................39
1.4 HERINNEREN......................................................................................................................................40
2. MODEL VAN ATKINSON & SHIFFRIN.....................................................................................................40
2.1 DE SENSORISCHE GEHEUGENS................................................................................................................40
2.2 HET KORTETERMIJNGEHEUGEN (KTG).....................................................................................................40
2.3 HET LANGETERMIJNGEHEUGEN (LTG).....................................................................................................41
3. VERDERE ONTWIKKELINGEN................................................................................................................41
3.1 VAN KTG NAAR WERKGEHEUGEN...........................................................................................................41
3.2 NAUWE INTERACTIE TUSSEN HET WERKGEHEUGEN EN HET LTG....................................................................41
3.3 EEN REALISTISCHER KIJK OP DE INFORMATIEOVERDRACHT VAN WG NAAR LTG...............................................42
3.4 INDIVIDUELE VERSCHILLEN IN WG?.........................................................................................................42
4. INFORMATIE VERWERVEN...................................................................................................................42
4.1 GEHEUGENSTEUNTJES...........................................................................................................................43
5. OPSLAAN EN BEWAREN......................................................................................................................43
5.1 GEDISTRIBUEERDE REPRESENTATIES.........................................................................................................43
5.2 INHOUDSGEBASEERDE  ADRESGEBASEERDE ORGANISATIE.............................................................................44
6. INFORMATIE OPROEPEN.....................................................................................................................44
7. INTERFERENTIE BIJ HET OPROEPEN........................................................................................................45
7.1 PROACTIEVE INTERFERENTIE...................................................................................................................45
7.2 HET TOETSEFFECT................................................................................................................................45
8. DISTINCTIE ALS HULP BIJ HET HERINNEREN.............................................................................................45
9. HERINNERING = RECONSTRUCTIE.........................................................................................................45
9.1 OOGGETUIGENVERKLARINGEN................................................................................................................46
9.2 RECONSTRUCTIE EN VERDRONGEN HERINNERINGEN....................................................................................46
10. AMNESIE.......................................................................................................................................46
10.1 AMNESIE: HM..................................................................................................................................48
10.2 IMPLICIETE GEHEUGEN........................................................................................................................48



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HOOFDSTUK 8: TAAL.......................................................................................................................49
1. SPREKEN.........................................................................................................................................49
1.1 VAN BRABBELEN NAAR ZINNEN...............................................................................................................49
1.2 VAN PREVERBALE BOODSCHAP NAAR SPRAAKKLANKEN................................................................................50
1.3 KENMERKEN VAN SPRAAK.....................................................................................................................50
1.4 AFASIE..............................................................................................................................................51
2. LUISTEREN EN LEZEN.........................................................................................................................51
2.1 VERSTAAN..........................................................................................................................................51
2.2 LEZEN...............................................................................................................................................52
2.3 DYSLEXIE...........................................................................................................................................52
3. HOE LEIDT TAAL TOT BETEKENIS?.........................................................................................................53
3.1 HET SEMANTISCHE SYSTEEM..................................................................................................................53
3.2 EMBODIED COGNITION.........................................................................................................................53
4. ANDERE TAALVORMEN......................................................................................................................54
4.1 GEBAREN EN TAAL...............................................................................................................................54
4.2 MEERTALIGHEID..................................................................................................................................54
5. KUNNEN DIEREN TAAL LEREN GEBRUIKEN?.............................................................................................54

HOOFDSTUK 9: DENKEN..................................................................................................................55
1. PROBLEMEN OPLOSSEN......................................................................................................................55
1.1 ALGORITMEN......................................................................................................................................55
1.2 HEURISTIEKEN.....................................................................................................................................56
1.3 ANALOGIEËN......................................................................................................................................56
1.4 INSTELLING.........................................................................................................................................56
1.5 MENTALE MODELLEN...........................................................................................................................57
2. REDENEREN.....................................................................................................................................58
2.1 DEDUCTIEF REDENEREN........................................................................................................................58
2.2 INDUCTIEF REDENEREN.........................................................................................................................60
3. BESLISSINGEN NEMEN........................................................................................................................61
3.1 SIGNAALDETECTIEMODEL......................................................................................................................61
3.2 FACTOREN DIE DE PERCEPTIE V/H SIGNAAL BEÏNVLOEDEN............................................................................61
3.3 FACTOREN DIE EEN ROL SPELEN BIJ HET ANTWOORDCRITERIUM....................................................................63
3.4 EMOTIONELE VERTEKENINGEN................................................................................................................63
3.5 INVLOED VAN TAAL..............................................................................................................................64

HOOFDSTUK 10: MOTIVATIE EN EMOTIE.........................................................................................66
1. WAT IS EMOTIE?..............................................................................................................................66
1.1 GEZICHTSUITDRUKKING VAN EMOTIES......................................................................................................66
1.2 HET SYMPATSICHE ZENUWSTELSEL..........................................................................................................67
1.3 EMOTIES EN COGNITIEVE CONTROLE........................................................................................................67
1.4 ONBEWUSTE PROCESSEN BIJ STIMULUSBEOORDELING.................................................................................68
1.5 DIMENSIES VAN EMOTIES......................................................................................................................68
2. EMOTIE EN COGNITIE.........................................................................................................................68
2.1 VOORSPELLEN VAN EMOTIES..................................................................................................................70



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3. NEURONALE REPRESENTATIES VAN EMOTIES...........................................................................................70
3.1 LOKALISATIE EMOTIES?.........................................................................................................................70
3.2 LIMBISCH SYSTEEM EN CORTEX...............................................................................................................70
3.3 HET LIMBISCH SYSTEEM........................................................................................................................71
3.4 CORTICAAL.........................................................................................................................................71
4. WAT IS MOTIVATIE?.........................................................................................................................71
4.1 MOTIVATIE EN BEHOEFTEN....................................................................................................................72
4.2 MOTIVATIE EN DOELEN.........................................................................................................................72
4.3 CONFLICTERENDE BEHOEFTEN/DOELEN....................................................................................................73
5. HONGER.........................................................................................................................................73
6. SEKS..............................................................................................................................................74
6.1 SEKS EN BIOLOGIE: HORMONEN..............................................................................................................74
6.2 SEKS: SOCIAAL-CULTURELE FACTOREN......................................................................................................74
6.3 FREQUENTIE SEKS................................................................................................................................75
6.4 ANDERE GEAARDHEDEN........................................................................................................................75
7. PRESTATIEMOTIVATIE........................................................................................................................75
7.1 NATURE – NURTURE? CASE: ACADEMISCH SUCCES.....................................................................................77
7.2 HOE WORDT TAAKMOTIVATIE VERWORVEN?.............................................................................................77
7.3 HOE WORDT VERMIJDEN VAN FAALANGST VERWORVEN?............................................................................77
7.4 PRESTATIEMOTIVATIE  PRESTATIE............................................................................................................77

HOOFDSTUK 12: PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE............................................................................................78
1. DEFINTIE........................................................................................................................................78
1.1 CRITERIA............................................................................................................................................78
1.2 DETERMINANTEN: TRIADE.....................................................................................................................78
1.3 ALGEMEEN: BIOLOGISCHE FACTOREN.......................................................................................................78
1.4 ALGEMEEN: PSYCHISCHE FACTOREN........................................................................................................79
1.5 ALGEMEEN: SOCIALE FACTOREN.............................................................................................................79
1.6 SYNTHESE: DIATHESE-STRESS MODEL.......................................................................................................80
1.7 CLASSIFICATIE: DSM............................................................................................................................80
2. SOORTEN STOORNISSEN: IN DE KINDERTIJD............................................................................................81
2.1 AUTISMESPECTRUMSTOORNIS (ASS).......................................................................................................81
3. STOORNIS IN ALCOHOLGEBRUIK EN ALCOHOLINTOXICATIE..........................................................................82
4. PSYCHOTISCHE STOORNISSEN..............................................................................................................82
4.1 SHIZOFRENIE.......................................................................................................................................82
5. STEMMINGSSTOORNISSEN..................................................................................................................85
5.1 BIPOLAIRE STOORNIS............................................................................................................................85
5.2 DEPRESSIESTOORNIS.............................................................................................................................85
5.3 ANGSTSTOORNISSEN............................................................................................................................87
6. PREVALENTIE...................................................................................................................................89

HOOFDSTUK 14: THERAPIEËN..........................................................................................................90
1. BEHANDELING VAN MENTALE STOORNISSEN...........................................................................................90
2. BIOLOGISCHE THERAPIEBENADERINGEN.................................................................................................91
2.1 DOELTREFFENDHEID.............................................................................................................................92


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3. PSYCHISCHE THERAPIEBENADERINGEN...................................................................................................93
3.1 SUÏCIDE.............................................................................................................................................93
4. PSYCHOTHERAPIE.............................................................................................................................93
4.1 PSYCHOANALYSE.................................................................................................................................93
4.2 KENMERKEN HEDENDAAGSE PSYCHODYNAMISCHE THERAPIE........................................................................94
5. HUMANISTISCHE THERAPIEËN..............................................................................................................94
5.1 CLIËNTGERICHTE THERAPIE....................................................................................................................94
5.2 FOCUSTHERAPIE..................................................................................................................................94
6. GEDRAGSTHERAPIE...........................................................................................................................95
6.1 TECHNIEKEN KLASSIEKE CONDITIONERING.................................................................................................95
6.2 ANDERE TECHNIEKEN...........................................................................................................................95
6.3 ANDERE COGNITIEVE TECHNIEKEN...........................................................................................................96
6.4 PROTOCOLLEN....................................................................................................................................96
7. DOELTREFFENDHEID..........................................................................................................................97
7.1 DETERMINANTEN SUCCES......................................................................................................................97




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ALGEMENE PSYCHOLOGIE
INLEIDING : WAT IS PSYCHOLOGIE?

- ‘Bad news’: negateee eisie 
o Populariteit ean pseudowetenschap
  eeel boeken maar auteurs weinig kennis oeer 
o Stereotypering flms
o Gerechtsdeskundigen – tegenspraak
- ‘Good news’: psychologisering ean de samenleeing
o Onderwijs (ADHD, dyslexie,…: krijgen hulp), te, jobs, pathologie,…

1. EEN DEFINITIE VAN PSYCHOLOGIE


 = Een wetenschap waarbij menselijk gedrag wordt bestudeerd. Deze gedragsevidentie wordt gebruikt om
interne processen (ten grondslag aan dit gedrag) te begrijpen.
 Gedrag begrijpen door op een systematische manier te observeren en kijken hoe het wordt beïnvloed door
de omgeeing.

2. ONTWIKKELINGEN DIE DE PSYCHOLOGIE MOGELIJK GEMAAKT HEBBEN


2.1 REDE, INTUÏTIE EN GELOOF

A) FILOSOFIE IN HET OUDE GRIEKENLAND

1e ineloedrijke geschrifen oeer het functoneren ean de mens:

 Plato: Onderscheid tussen lichaam en geest  Obsereate minder ean belang
 Aristoteles: Meer belang aan obsereate ( geen ware kennis op obsereeren!)
o Uitgaan ean onwrikbare uitgangspunten (= axioma’s)


2.2 DE WETENSCHAPPELIJKE REVOLUTIE

- Kerk: nadenken, intuïtef aaneoelen, goddelijke ingeeingen
o  Europa 16e – 17e E: Ware kennis gebaseerd op systematsche obsereate actef ingrijpen


2.3 DE COPERNICAANSE REVOLUTIE

- Mens = centrum unieersum, geest heef eigen erije wil
- Kalender klopt niet meer  wetenschappelijke reeolute !
o Nieuwe data experimenten: Kerk tegen  mens = centraal
- Belangrijke namen:
o Copernicus: Aarde ≠ middelpunt ean het heelal
o Galileo Galilei: Uiteinding 1e telescoop
o Newton: Beschrijeing bewegingen e/d planeten rond de zon


2.4 START TWEE CULTUREN

- Klassieke humanistsche cultuur (alfa) = geesteswetenschappen
- Natuurwetenschappelijke cultuur (bèta)
-  Weinig kennis oeer elkaar weinig contact met elkaar



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2.5 ONTWIKKELINGEN IN DE FILOSOFIE
- Platonisch dualisme: lichaam – geest  Onafankelijk ean elkaar!! D
- Rationalisme: Ware kennis is gebaseerd op rede es
- Nativisme: Aangeboren kennis = uitgangspunt eoor alle andere kennis ca
- Mechanische visie: rt
o Lichaam als machine (geest) es
o Wereld beschrijeen adhe. wiskundige formules (1
o Loskomen ean religie 7e
- Empirisme: Kennis ≠ aangeboren ( nateisme)
o Kennis: uit zintuiglijke erearingen associates ean ideeën
o  Locke: tabula rasa

- Associationisme: Hogere orde kennis: associates ean eeneoudiger ideeën


2.6 DE EVOLUTIETHEORIE
 Darwin: the origin of species (19e E)

- Natuurlijke selecte, struggle for life, sureieal of the fiest
- Mensen: eoortgekomen uit bestuderen als dieren


2.7 EERSTE PSYCHOLOGISCHE EXPERIMENTEN

- Young: Kleurpercepte: 3 receptoren in het oog
- Studie planeten  natuurwetenschappelijke studie e/d menselijke fout
- Neurale transmissie
- Psychofysica

 1e labo eoor : in Leipzig (door Wundt)


A) PIONIERS UIT DE LAGE LANDEN

- Quetelet: normaaleerdeling ean de indieiduele ≠
- Plateau: kleurpercepte  fysica
- Donders: mentale chronometrie
o Mentale processen eerwerkingstjd

3. BEGINJAREN VAN DE 
- †19e E: wetenschappelijke studie gedrag mentale processen


3.1 STRUCTURALISME
- Structuralisme: structuur bewustzijn ontdekken op basis ean introspectie
o Introspectie kijken naar het eigen bewustzijn ean binnenuit
o Titchener: proces opdelen in elementaire componenten
 Bewuste erearing = associate ean sensates, beelden geeoelens
 Sensates: erearingen met de zintuigen
 Beelden: erearingen die niet werkelijk aanwezig zijn
 Geeoelens: emotes
o Fysiologische 
 Innere wahrnehmung  experimentelle sebstbeobachtung
 Sofa science ()  eeneoudige, kwantfceerbare antwoorden
  Wundt: laatste = enige toelaatbare eorm ean introspecte




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