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Samenvatting Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen + woordenlijst
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Samenvatting Methodologie van de sociale wetenschappen - Henk Roose
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METHODOLOGIE VAN DE SOCIALEWETENSCHAPPEN
1
,Inhoudsopgave
1 Waarom sociaal wetenschappelijk onderzoek?..............................................................................6
1.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................6
1.2 De wetenschappelijke aanpak.....................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Wetenschap: een specifeee enadering................................................................................6
1.2.2 Alternateve ronnen van eennis over de wereelijeheid?......................................................7
1.3 Wat te verwachten van methodologie.........................................................................................7
2 BOUWSTENEN EN SOORTEN SOCIAALWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK........................................7
2.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Bouwstenen van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek...................................................................7
2.2.1 Theorie en empirie.................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Inducte en deducte...............................................................................................................9
2.2.3 De empirische cyclus van wetenschappelije onderzoee.........................................................9
2.3 Evaluatecriteria voor wetenschappelijke kennis........................................................................10
2.3.1 Betrouw aarheid..................................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Geldigheid............................................................................................................................10
2.3.3 Vaemanschap en ewaliteit....................................................................................................11
2.4 Soorten wetenschappelijk onderzoek..........................................................................................12
2.4.1 toepassingsge ied: theoriegericht vs praetjegericht onderzoee.........................................12
2.4.2 Onderzoeesmethodologie: ewanttataa vs ewalitatea.........................................................12
3 Filosofsche achtergrond: epistemologische beginselen................................................................13
3.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................13
3.2 De ontwikkeling V/d epistemologie van de wetenschappen.......................................................14
3.2.1 Empirische natuurwetenschap: naturalisme en empirisme.................................................14
3.2.2 David hume’s sceptcisme....................................................................................................17
3.2.3 Wiener ereis: logisch-positvisme en verifcatonisme..........................................................17
3.2.4 Karl Popper: principe van aalsifcate....................................................................................18
3.2.5 Thomas euhns paradigma’s..................................................................................................19
3.2.6 Imre laeatos: theorie met meerinhoud................................................................................20
3.3 Wat met de sociale wetenschappen?.........................................................................................20
3.3.1 Onderzoeessu ject: naturalisme vs constructvisme............................................................20
3.3.2 Naturalisme innen de sociale wetenschappen...................................................................21
3.3.3 Constructvisme innen de sociale wetenschappen.............................................................22
3.3.4 Naturalisme en constructvisme...........................................................................................24
4 Ethiek in sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek...............................................................................24
4.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................24
4.2 Hoe omgaan met deelnemers aan onderzoek?...........................................................................25
4.2.1 Vermijden schade als asisprincipes....................................................................................25
4.2.2 Vrijwillige toestemming oa ‘inaormed consent’....................................................................25
4.2.3 Privacy, vertrouwelijeheid, anonimiteit................................................................................26
4.3 Professionele standaarden en deontologie.................................................................................26
4.4 Samenleving en wetenschap.......................................................................................................27
5 Onderzoek ontwerpen: strategie en doelstellingen......................................................................28
2
, 5.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................28
5.2 het onderzoeksplan.....................................................................................................................28
5.3 Probleemformulering of probleemstelling..................................................................................29
5.3.1 Algemene vraagstelling en onderzoeesdoelstelling: aundamenteel vs praetjegericht?.......29
5.3.2 Literatuurstudie....................................................................................................................30
5.3.3 Vraagstelling en onderzoeesvragen......................................................................................30
5.4 Onderzoeksopzet of (onderzoeks)technsch ontwerp...................................................................32
6 Kwanttateve en kwalitateve metng..........................................................................................33
6.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................33
6.2 meten: enkele basisbegrippen....................................................................................................33
6.2.1 het meetproces....................................................................................................................33
6.2.2 Soorten concepten...............................................................................................................34
6.2.3 Meten: ewalitateve vs ewalitateve enaderingen..............................................................35
6.3 Kwanttatef meten.....................................................................................................................35
6.3.1 Uitgangspunt: elassieee testheorie.....................................................................................35
6.3.2 Eneele eenmereen................................................................................................................36
6.3.3 Schaaltechnieeen..................................................................................................................36
6.3.4 operatonalisering van relates tussen varia elen................................................................37
6.3.5 Betrouw aarheid nagaan?...................................................................................................38
6.3.6 Meetgeldigheid nagaan?......................................................................................................39
6.4 Kwalitateve metng....................................................................................................................40
6.4.1 het open earaeter van ewalitateve enadering...................................................................40
6.4.2 eneele illustrates van ewalitateve enaderingen................................................................41
6.4.3 Kwaliteit van ewalitateve gegevens.....................................................................................41
7 Selecte van onderzoekseenheden: steekproeven........................................................................42
7.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................42
7.1.1 Onderzoeeseenheden, populate en steeeproea..................................................................42
7.1.2 steeeproeven: twee logica’s van selecte.............................................................................43
7.2 Toevalsteekproeven....................................................................................................................44
7.2.1 Stappen ij het treeeen van toevalsteeeproeven.................................................................44
7.2.2 Types toevalsteeeproeven....................................................................................................44
7.2.3 Fouten ronnen ij steeeproefreeeing.................................................................................46
7.2.4 steeeproeagroote.................................................................................................................48
7.2.5 Kwanttateve niet-toevalsteeeproeven...............................................................................48
7.3 Theoretsche steekproeven.........................................................................................................48
7.3.1 De eigenheid van theoretsche steeeproefreeeing..............................................................48
7.3.2 Strategieën in theoretsche steeeproefreeeing...................................................................49
8 Experimentele ontwerpen............................................................................................................52
8.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................52
8.2 Onderdelen van het klassieke experimentele ontwerp...............................................................53
8.2.1 Basisschema van een elassiee experiment...........................................................................54
8.2.2 randomiseren en matchen...................................................................................................54
8.2.3 Efect van de stmulus...........................................................................................................55
8.2.4 Voormetng...........................................................................................................................55
3
, 8.3 Bedreigingen van de interne geldigheid......................................................................................56
8.4 Bedreigingen van de externe geldigheid.....................................................................................58
8.5 Alternateven op de klassieke experimentele ontwerpen............................................................58
8.5.1 QUASI – experimentele designs............................................................................................58
8.5.2 Pre – experimentele ontwerpen...........................................................................................59
9 Surveryonderzoek.........................................................................................................................61
9.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................61
9.2 Stappenplan en foutenbronnen..................................................................................................62
9.3 Over vragen en antwoorden.......................................................................................................62
9.4 Het ontwerp van vragenlijsten....................................................................................................63
9.4.1 Een model van het vraag-antwoord proces..........................................................................63
9.4.2 Responsaouten en -stjlen.....................................................................................................64
9.4.3 Aan evelingen voor het opstellen van vragenlijsten............................................................65
9.5 Surveymodus..............................................................................................................................65
10 Niet-reactee onderzoek en secundaire data-analyse..................................................................66
10.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................66
10.2 Soorten niet-reacteve gegevens...............................................................................................66
10.2.1 Fysieee sporen....................................................................................................................67
10.2.2 Teest: inhoudsanalyse........................................................................................................67
10.2.3 Administrateve data en ofciële statsteeen....................................................................68
10.2.4 Big DATA.............................................................................................................................69
10.3 Secundaire analyse van onderzoeksdata..................................................................................69
11 Veldonderzoek en partciperende observate.............................................................................69
11.1 Inleiding....................................................................................................................................70
11.2 Types veldonderzoek.................................................................................................................71
11.2.1 de rol van de onderzoeeer..................................................................................................71
11.2.2 Mare van openheid............................................................................................................72
11.2.3 Het gehanteerde paradigma...............................................................................................72
11.3 Het verloop van veldonderzoek.................................................................................................73
11.4 Velwerknottes.........................................................................................................................73
11.5 Voor- en nadelen veldonderzoek...............................................................................................74
12 Diepte-interviews en eocusgroepen............................................................................................74
12.1 inleiding....................................................................................................................................74
12.2 Epistemologische achtergrond van diepte-interviews...............................................................75
12.2.1 nadrue op egrijpen en interpretate.................................................................................75
12.2.2 Nadrue op theorievorming en -ontwieeeling......................................................................75
12.3 De interviewsituate..................................................................................................................76
12.3.1 structuur van een interview...............................................................................................76
12.3.2 Soorten vragen...................................................................................................................77
12.3.3 Valstrieeen..........................................................................................................................78
12.4 Focusgroepen............................................................................................................................78
12.4.1 wat zijn aocusgroepen?.......................................................................................................78
12.4.2 Samenstelling.....................................................................................................................78
4
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