It is generally referred to in terms of a focus on learner outcomes, teacher behaviors and classroom
processes that promote learner success.
1.2
Context variables
Which refers to the characteristics of the context of teaching and learning, such as
teacher and learner characteristics and subject content. These variables influence the
success of learning and teaching.
Process variables
Include what actually goes on in the classroom, and deals with the “perceptions,
strategies and behavior of the teacher and learners, the characteristics of the learning
tasks and activities themselves, and how these interact with each other” (Kyriacou,
2018:9).
Product variables
refer to all those educational outcomes that are desired by teachers and that have
formed a basis of teachers’ planning of lessons and the criteria they use or others use to
judge effectiveness (Kyriacou, 2018:10)
1.3
It means looking at what you do in the classroom, thinking about why you do it and then considering
whether it works.
1.4
1. Accept that their actions are the prime determinant of their students learning. E.g , leading by
example by the way they dress and talk and most importantly providing constructive feedback
at all times.
2. They take time to think about their teaching: before presenting a learners gather all various
ways that can be established to ensure better learning.
3. They use various strategies for gathering evidence from their classroom. E.g, researching for
more various effective ways to present a lesson, this includes visiting best schools around the
provinces inquiring more about how to best present a lesson.
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1. Set goals.
2. Provide feedback.
3. Help learners interact with new knowledge.
4. Provide learners with simulations and low-stakes competition.
5. Engage with learners, allowing them to talk about themselves and noticing when they are not
engaged.
6. Establish and maintain classroom rules.
2.1.2
Marzano believes that teachers who set goals and check for learners’ understanding are
more effective.
He added that positive feedback during the learning process has been proven to
increase learning and improve learning outcomes.
When given correctly, feedback guides the learners in their learning process and gives
them the direction they need to reach the goal of the lesson.
Additionally, feedback sends a message to the learner that the teacher cares about the
learning taking place.
Marzano suggests that teachers should help learners interact with new knowledge by
chunking smaller sections and then checking for understanding.
2.2
Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle covers six stages:
During the first stage, you need to describe your experience. (What happened?)
Secondly, you need to acknowledge your feelings and thoughts about the experience. (What
were you thinking or feeling?)
During this phase, you need to evaluate your experience, both good and bad. (What was
good/bad about the situation?)
Then analyse, to make sense of your situation. (What sense can you make of the situation?)
Conclude on what you have learnt and what you could have done differently. (What else could
you have done?)
Lastly, draw up an action plan for how you would deal with similar situations in the future, or
general changes you might find appropriate. (If the situation arose again, what would you do?
2.3
Self-actualization : Desire to become the most that one can be
Esteem: respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom.
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