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Summary of Chemical Biotechnology
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Chemische BiotechnologieSamenvatting
4052CHBIO
,Chapter 2 nutrients needed for microbial growth
Cell dry mass is obtained by putting the wet mass in an oven to remove both extra- and intracellular
water by heating.
Cell organic dry mass = cell dry mass – ash (inorganic mass)
- Dry mass of cells: organic + inorganic
Cell composition
Organic: C, H, O, N
- Lipids: membrane: selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules
- Polymers: DNA, RNA, protein
- Carbohydrates: cell wall, storage of energy
- Small organic molecules: active sites of enzymes: vitamins
Inorganic
- Sulphur: proteins
- Phosphate: DNA/RNA
- Macro metal ions: K+, Mg2+
- Trace metals: Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, W, Mo: active sites of enzymes
Element composition of dry biomass/one-carbon-mol formula: C, O, H, N
C1HXOYNZ
Fraction biomass: 1x12 + Xx1 + Yx16 + Zx14 = … gorganic x / molx
Transport in the medium
- Biosynthetic network = anabolism = assimilation
The energy needed is produced in catabolism in the form of ATP
Molecules are coupled, therefore a net input of energy is needed to drive these reactions in the
right direction → ATP is the carrier to deliver this energy
- Catabolism: generates energy and converts it in the form of ATP
Catabolic reaction: overall redox reaction = an electron donor and an electron acceptor are
consumed
Electron acceptor: accepts electrons, reduced → most common is O2, but has a low solubility
Electron donor: donates electrons, oxidized → organic compounds, many of which easily dissolve
in water
Electron donor and electron acceptor must be present in the feed stream
Always present:
- Organic compounds
Carbon source
Nitrogen source
- Electron donor (ethanol/CO2) and acceptor (O2/H2O)
- Inorganic compounds
- Charged compounds / H+
- H2O, CO2, H+
Organisms need:
- source of Gibbs energy → degrading chemical compounds (also a electron acceptor or light
energy
- electron donor
- a carbon source → organic = heterotrophic, CO2 (autotrophic)
, Chapter 3 mass balances for determination of formation rates of X, S, and P
Fermenter
1. Differential balances
• Indicates what is happening at an instant time
• Balance equation is a rate (rate of input/output, rate of generation)
• Convenient for a steady state process (requires continuous operation
2. Integral balances
• Indicates what happens between two instants of time
• Balance equation is an amount of the balanced quantity
• Convenient for a dynamic process, like a batch operation, with the two instants of time
being the moment after the input takes place and the moment before the product is
withdrawn
Ideal mixing Case where ci,out > ci
• Broth: ci,out = ci Not ideally mixed
• Gas phase: yi,out = yi Non-ideal broth outflow
General balance: accumulation = R + in – out + T
1. Differential balances → Chemostat (steady-state)
Total mass/broth balance: conservation of mass for the whole system
0 = 𝐹𝑚,𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑇𝑁,𝑂 𝑀𝑤,𝑂2 ∙ 10−3 + 𝑇𝑁,𝑁𝐻3 𝑀𝑤,𝑁𝐻3 ∙ 10−3 − 𝑇𝑁,𝐶 𝑀𝑤,𝐶𝑂2 ∙ 10−3 − 𝑇𝑁,𝑤 𝑀𝑤,𝐻2𝑂 ∙ 10−3
𝑁𝑥 𝑅𝑝
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟: 𝑀 = → 𝑁𝑥 =
𝑐𝑥 𝑞𝑝
Total gas balance in steady state [mol gas/h]:
0 = 𝐹𝑁,𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹𝑁,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑁,𝑂 + 𝑇𝑁,𝐶 (+𝑇𝑁,𝑊 − 𝑇𝑁,𝑁 )
Volume balance:
Fin + FpH = Fout
Assumption: same/constant density, no mass difference between gas in and out
Fout > Fin
• pH titrant addition
• different composition
• different density
• different condition (e.g T, P)
Calculate minimum feed concentration: Fout = 0
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