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Ottoman ancient regime late 18th century Week2 Notes and supplementary readings
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Complete notes and reading summaries for Sabanci University Hist191 course Week 2
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Week 2The ancient regime
Late 18th Century
French revolution and its repercussions
Industrial revolution and its consequences
Russia as an Eurasian Superpower (1768-1774 war)
Napoleon’s Military expeditions 1798-1801 (Egypt and Syria)
Potosi:
Cerro Rico (Rich Hill) was an active mine btw 1545 and 1783
“the mountain that eats men”
60% of all silver mined in the world from 16 to 18 century
More than 40000 tons extracted in 200 years
Price revolution in England
Christopher Columbus caused inflation
Monetization of the markets and the transformation of tax collection
Transformation of tax collection system: from “in kind” to “cash”
Annual cash taxes(17 century)
Expansion of tax farming:
Who will farm the tax
New wealthy groups; new political powers
A new established tax farming model in 1695
Total revenue of the imperial treasury
Only 3% of GDP could be collected as tax
Ottoman army; why janissaries used to revolt
First revolts in late 16th century
Turn into a routine in 17th century
How can we evaluate these revolts: limit of sultan’s power and janissaries as the voice of public
Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt on may19,1798 with Armee d Orient (approx. 400 ships and 30000 ships)
Made a proclamation
Old order (nizam I kadim) vs new order (nizam I cedid)
Debate in late 18 and 29 century
Michael Ursinus
Turn of 17th century, ottoman empire entered period of accelerated change
Had significant financial, economic, socio-political and fiscal implications
Fundamental change in 3 aspects:
Type and volume of revenue raised
Question of by and for whom revenue was raised
Fiscal principles on which it was based as time went on
Inflation and tax farming
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