Samenvatting criminologie / Minor criminologie & strafrecht
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Course
Criminologie
Institution
Hogeschool Arnhem En Nijmegen (HAN)
Book
Actuele Criminologie
In dit document is het boek 'actuele criminologie' samengevat. Dit boek moet voorafgaand aan de lessen van de minor criminologie & strafrecht worden doorgenomen. In deze samenvatting zijn de belangrijkste aspecten uit de relevante hoofdstukken opgenomen.
Samenvatting criminologie
Minor criminologie & strafrecht 2023-2024
Inhoud
Periode 1....................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Criminologie: een terreinverkenning............................................................................................................ 5
1.1 De opdracht van de criminologie...................................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Het koele oog..........................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Wat is criminologie?.......................................................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Criminologie als praktijkgericht wetenschap..........................................................................................5
1.2.2 What’s in a name?..................................................................................................................................5
1.2.3 De relativiteit van het begrip criminaliteit..............................................................................................5
1.3 De geschiedenis van de criminologie.............................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Van de klassieke oudheid tot de middeleeuwen....................................................................................6
1.3.2 Van de Renaissance naar de Verlichting.................................................................................................6
1.3.3 De klassieke school.................................................................................................................................6
1.3.4 De positivistische school.........................................................................................................................6
1.3.5 De Italiaanse antropologieschool...........................................................................................................6
1.3.6 De Franse milieuschool...........................................................................................................................6
1.3.7 Socialistische criminologie......................................................................................................................7
1.3.8 Nieuwe Richting en kritische criminologie.............................................................................................7
1.3.9 Veramerikanisering van de criminologie................................................................................................7
1.3.10 Nieuwe zakelijkheid..............................................................................................................................8
1.3.11 Conclusie...............................................................................................................................................8
Theorievragen......................................................................................................................................................8
2 Beschrijvende criminologie........................................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................10
2.2 Politiecijfers..................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Landelijke trends in absolute cijfers.....................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Indexcijfers per gemeente....................................................................................................................11
2.3 Onderzoeken naar verborgen criminaliteit..................................................................................................11
2.3.1 Onderzoek bij plegers van delicten.......................................................................................................12
2.3.2 Onderzoek bij slachtoffers van delicten................................................................................................13
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................13
7 Straffen en criminaliteit............................................................................................................................. 16
7.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................16
7.1.1 De penologie.........................................................................................................................................16
7.1.2 Straffen in het (straf)recht....................................................................................................................16
7.2 Doelstellingen van straffen en strafrechttheorieën......................................................................................16
7.2.1 Absolute theorieën: vergelding............................................................................................................17
7.2.2 Relatieve theorieën: speciale en generale preventie...........................................................................17
7.2.3 Verenigingstheorieën............................................................................................................................18
7.3 Soorten straffen in het Nederlandse strafsysteem.......................................................................................19
7.3.1 Hoofdstraffen........................................................................................................................................19
7.3.2 Bijkomende straffen..............................................................................................................................20
, 7.3.3 Maatregelen..........................................................................................................................................20
7.3.4 Sancties voor kinderen en jeugdigen....................................................................................................21
7.3.5 De oplegging van straffen in de praktijk...............................................................................................21
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................22
7.4 Effectiviteit van straffen...............................................................................................................................22
7.4.1 Vergelding en genoegdoening..............................................................................................................22
7.4.2 Generale preventie...............................................................................................................................23
7.4.3 Speciale preventie: experimenten en quasi-experimenten naar effecten van detentie op recidive...24
7.4.4 Speciale preventie: effecten van incapacitatie op het aantal gepleegde delicten...............................24
7.4.5 Speciale preventie: effecten op resocialisatie......................................................................................25
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................25
8 Victimologie.............................................................................................................................................. 27
8.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................27
8.1.1 Victimologie..........................................................................................................................................28
8.1.2 Kringen van slachtofferschap................................................................................................................28
8.2 Risicokenmerken van slachtofferschap.........................................................................................................28
8.3 Victimologische risicoanalyse.......................................................................................................................29
8.3.1 Herhaald slachtofferschap....................................................................................................................30
8.3.2 Bijzondere risicogrepen: toeristen en daders.......................................................................................30
8.3.3 Slachtofferschap als criminogene factor...............................................................................................30
8.4 De materiële en immateriële gevolgen van criminaliteit.............................................................................30
8.4.1 Schadebedragen en kosten...................................................................................................................30
8.4.2 Gevoelens van onveiligheid en opinies.................................................................................................30
8.4.3 De psychische gevolgen van slachtofferschap: het posttraumatische stresssyndroom.......................31
8.5 De reacties op slachtofferschap...................................................................................................................31
8.5.1 Aversieve reacties: blaming the victim.................................................................................................31
8.5.2 Modellen van slachtofferhulp...............................................................................................................31
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................32
Periode 2..................................................................................................................................................... 36
3 Het strafrechtelijke systeem in actie.......................................................................................................... 36
3.1. Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................................36
3.2 Organisatie en prestaties van politie en justitie...........................................................................................36
3.2.1. De politie..............................................................................................................................................36
3.2.2. Het Openbaar Ministerie.....................................................................................................................37
3.2.3 De rechtspraak......................................................................................................................................39
3.2.4 Het gevangeniswezen...........................................................................................................................39
3.2.5 Reclassering..........................................................................................................................................39
3.3 Selectiviteit in de strafrechtspleging............................................................................................................41
3.3.1. De strafrechtspleging als afvalrace......................................................................................................41
3.3.2 Regionale beleidsverschillen.................................................................................................................42
3.3.3 Selectiviteit naar groepskenmerken van justitiabelen..........................................................................42
3.4 Normering van discretionaire bevoegdheden..............................................................................................44
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................44
4 Verklaringen voor criminaliteit: het psychologisch perspectief...................................................................46
4.1 Antisociaal gedrag en agressie....................................................................................................................47
4.1.1 Antisociaal gedrag.................................................................................................................................47
, 4.1.2 Externaliserend en internaliserend gedrag...........................................................................................47
4.1.3 Agressie.................................................................................................................................................48
4.2 Medische en biologische factoren................................................................................................................48
4.2.1 Kwantitatieve erfelijkheidstudies..........................................................................................................48
4.2.2 Adoptiestudies......................................................................................................................................48
4.2.5 Epigenetica............................................................................................................................................49
4.3 Persoonlijkheid en antisociaal gedrag.........................................................................................................49
4.3.2 Typologieën van persoonlijkheid..........................................................................................................49
4.3.4 Het vijffactorenmodel: de ‘Big Five’-persoonlijkheidstest....................................................................50
4.4 Opvoeding en ontwikkeling..........................................................................................................................50
4.4.1 Ouder-kindinteracties en opvoedingsvaardigheden............................................................................50
4.5 Sociaalpsychologische factoren....................................................................................................................50
4.6 Leerpsychologie: het aan- en afleren van gedrag........................................................................................51
4.6.1 Klassieke conditionering.......................................................................................................................51
4.6.2 Instrumenteel leren..............................................................................................................................52
4.6.3 Sociaal leren..........................................................................................................................................52
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................53
5 Verklaringen voor criminaliteit: het economisch en sociologisch perspectief..............................................56
5.2 Het economisch perspectief........................................................................................................................56
5.2.2 Criminologisch model van rationele keuzes.........................................................................................56
Economische theorieën veronderstellen dat het plegen van strafbare feiten het resultaat is van een
afweging door de dader van de voor- en nadelen, van de baten en kosten. Ze gaan uit van de rationele-
keuzetheorie van menselijk gedrag...............................................................................................................56
5.2.3 Afschrikkingstheorie.............................................................................................................................56
5.2.4 Gelegenheidsstructuren, routineactiviteiten en situationele preventie..............................................57
5.3 Het sociologisch perspectief.........................................................................................................................57
5.3.1 Anomie- en straintheorieën..................................................................................................................58
5.3.2 Socialecontroletheorieën.....................................................................................................................58
5.3.3 Socialedesorganisatietheorieën...........................................................................................................59
5.3.4 Socialelabelingtheorieën......................................................................................................................60
5.3.5 Synthetische theorieën.........................................................................................................................60
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................61
, 9 Niet-commune criminaliteit....................................................................................................................... 72
9.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................72
9.2 Internationale misdrijven.............................................................................................................................72
9.2.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................................................73
9.2.2 Aard en omvang....................................................................................................................................73
9.2.3 Oorzaken en achtergronden.................................................................................................................73
9.2.4 Aanpak..................................................................................................................................................74
9.3 Terrorisme....................................................................................................................................................74
9.3.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................................................74
9.3.2 Aard en omvang....................................................................................................................................75
9.3.3 Oorzaken en achtergronden.................................................................................................................75
9.3.4 Aanpak..................................................................................................................................................75
9.4 Georganiseerde misdaad.............................................................................................................................75
9.4.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................................................75
9.4.2 Aard en omvang....................................................................................................................................76
9.4.3 Oorzaken en achtergronden.................................................................................................................76
9.4.4 Aanpak..................................................................................................................................................76
9.5 Witteboordencriminaliteit.......................................................................................................................77
9.5.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................................................77
9.5.2 Aard en omvang....................................................................................................................................77
9.5.3 Oorzaken en achtergronden.................................................................................................................78
9.5.4 Aanpak..................................................................................................................................................78
Theorievragen....................................................................................................................................................78
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