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Summary oncology
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Practice questions for the Molecular Oncology course.
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lHow do cells protect the integrity of their genomes?- DNA polymerase
- Proofreading
- DNA replication
How are growth factor receptors activated?
- Dimerization en transphosphorylation
How is growth factor receptor metabolism altered by cancer?
- Overexpression or change of receptor proteins.
- Enhanced autocrine signaling.
Wat are transit-amplifying cells?
- Stem cells that divide one of the daughter cells become a transit-amplifying cell. So they
become stem cells if the stem cells die.
How do they contribute to the protection of genomic integrity?
- Transit-amplifying cells they divide a lot so that the stem cells don’t have to divide and the
probability of mutations in stem cells become less.
How does apoptosis protect cell populations from accumulation of mutations?
- If the cell contains to much mutations and it can not be fixed, the cell destroys itself because
it is easier than to be fixed.
How do DNA polymerases contribute to genome stability?
- Proofreading
Name the different major classes of DNA repair mechanisms.
- Mismatch repair (replication error)
- Non homologous end joining (double strand break repair)
- Homologous end joining (double strand break repair)
- Base excision repair (excision repair) (non-helix disorting)
- Nucleotide excision repair (direct repair) (helix disorting)
What is the most likely source of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in normal replicating cell
population?
, - Replication
What are endogenous sources of DNA damage?
- ROS
- DNA replication
- Chance
What are exogenous sources of DNA damage?
- Viruses
- X-rays
- UV-light
What are pro-carcinogens?
- Substances that become carcinogens if they are metabolised.
In which phases of the cell cycle is homologous recombination most active?
- Mostly S-phase and G2
In which phases of the cell cycle is non-homologous recombination most active?
- In all phases, mostly G1, but not in mitosis
What class of enzymes is involved in repair of most DNA lesions?
- Polymerase and ligase
What is loss of heterozygosity (LOH)?
- Changes in the chromosome structure with a loss in one or two of the alleles
What is chromotripsis?
- Breaking of the chromosome and is randomly put together
What is polyploidy?
- Entire genome is replicated
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