ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY MID TERM EXAM FOR NURS 6521 (LATEST)

ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY MID TERM EXAM FOR NURS 6521 (LATEST) Anti-diarrheals - CORRECT ANSWER-Stops further occurrence of diarrhea. Notable medicines are Loperamide "Immodium", Diphenoxylate Hcl with Atropine "Lomotil", Bismuth subsalicylate "Pepto bismul" Pepto s/e: black stools and tongue Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER-Used to ease or stimulate defecation Soften the stool Increase stool volume Hasten fecal passage through the intestine Facilitate evacuation from the rectum *Misuse comes from misconceptions of what constitutes normal bowel function Fiber Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER-absorbs water, softening feces and increasing their mass. Can be digested by colonic bacteria, whose subsequent growth increases fecal mass. ex. Bran, veggies and fruits. Meds: mehylcellulose, psyllium, polycarbophil Surfactant Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER-Meds: Docusate sodium (Colace) Docusate calcium (Surfak) temporary treatment of constipation * avoid if narrowing of intestines Give with a full glass of water or juice Stimulant Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER-bisacodyl: (tablets: give at night to have BM in am , no crushing or chewing, no milk or antacids;Suppositories: BM within 15-60 min, may cause proctitis); senna: BM 6-12 hours after. May cause pink or brown urine. castor oil: acts on small intestine 2-6 hour BM. Limit to only when prep for radiology procedures. Chill and mix in juice. * easily abused, Give with a full glass of water. Osmotic Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER-Salts draw water into the intestine causing fecal mass to soften and swell stimulating peristalsis. Low dose 6-12 hours, high dose 2-6 hours. magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, polyethylene glycol, lactulose (can be used to lower blood ammonia in liver disease) * Increase fluid intake. Not good for kidney disease. Sodium phosphate exacerbates cardiac disease. Miscellaneous Laxatives - CORRECT ANSWER-Lubiprostone, mineral oil, glycerin suppository, polyethylene glycol- electrolyte solution, Sodium picosulfate / magnesium oxide/anhydrous citric acid antiemetic - CORRECT ANSWER-a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting Ondesetron Class: 5HT3 receptor antagonist - CORRECT ANSWER-Zofran Indication: Chemotherapy N/V, postoperative N/V, radiation induced N/V Oral or Parental * Prolonges QT interval (leading to torsades de pointes) Glucocorticoids used as antiemetic - CORRECT ANSWER-Not approved by FDA. Solumedrol and dexamethasone. Given IV. Metoclopramide (Reglan) - CORRECT ANSWER-controls post-op NV suppresses emesis and increases upper GI mobility Cannabinoids - CORRECT ANSWER-Dronabinol (marinol) and Nabilone (cesamet). Suppresses CINV. Alosetron (Lotronex) - CORRECT ANSWER-Used for IBS-D in women that has lasted 6 months Blocks 5-HT3 receptors resulting in firm stool and decrease in urgency and frequency of defecation Can cause constipation PPIs - CORRECT ANSWER-Proton-pump inhibitors - pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production - destroyed by stomach acid (take on empty stomach) - work really well - "attack from the back" - used as a controller Ex. Omeprazole (Prilosec) Mesalamine - CORRECT ANSWER-treats ulcerative colitis Ranitidine (Zantac) - CORRECT ANSWER-H2 receptor antagonist. Potent inhiitor of gastric acid secretion Indications: GERD, ulcers, H. pylori, reflux, indigestion ADR: Pain, constipation, diarrhea, headache. Can cause jaundice Ulcers treatment - CORRECT ANSWER-likely caused by H. pylori. Treat with antibiotic and pepto bismol, proton pump inhibitors (prilosec, prevacid, aciphex, nexium, protonix), H-2 blockers (zantac, pepcid, tagamet, nazatidine), antacids, and cytoprotective agens (carafate, cytotec) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - CORRECT ANSWER-periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain. Intermittent diarrhea and constipation with pain.