Intro. to Psychology 2023 Final Exam
Psychology
The study of behavioral and metal processing, belongs to behavioral science
4 goals of psychology
DEPI: describe, explain, predict, influence
Basic science
Just doing research
Applied science
Doing something with it
Introspection
Act of looking inward to examine mental experience
Phrenology
Predicting behavior by studying the bumps on someone's head
Pseudoscience
False science like astrology, horoscopes and phrenology
Humanistic
Focuses on goals and self actualization
Biological
Brain and how the body works
Cognitive
Thinking, memory, language
Behavioral
Learned, reinforcement and punishment
Psychoanalytic/dynamic
Unconscious childhood, Freud believed that all thoughts and actions are determined by
the unconscious
Charles Darwin
Natural selection and evolution
William James
Father of American Psychology - functionalist
Wilhem Wundt
Father of Modern Psychology - structuralist, 1st psych lab in Germany.
Independent Variable
manipulated by the researcher
Experimental Group
received the treatment (part of the IV)
Control Group
placebo, baseline (part of the IV)
Placebo Effect
like a sugar pill
Double-Blind
Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition
people are assigned to
Dependent Variable
, measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable)
Operational Definition
clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Adv: real world validity (observe people in their own setting) Disadv: No cause and
effect ex. Jane Goodall and her study of chimpanzees
CORRELATION
a study to determine the degree of relationships between two events.
CASE STUDY
Studies ONE person (usually) in great detail - lots of info Disadv: No cause and effect
Mean
Average (use in normal distribution)
Median
Middle # (use in skewed distribution)
Mode
occurs most often
Survey Method
Get a lot of info. quickly Bad: people lie
Dendrites
Receive incoming signal
Soma
Cell body (includes nucleus)
Axon
Action Potential travels down this
Myelin Sheath
covers and protects the axon
Axon Terminals
release NTs - send signal onto next neuron
Synapse
space b/w neurons
Action Potential
movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical
charge down the axon
Sensory neurons
receive signals
Afferent neurons
Accept signals
Motor neurons
send signals
CENTRAL NS
Brain and spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NS
Rest of the NS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTS)
serve the function of carrying chemical neural messages across the synapses.
Dopamine
Psychology
The study of behavioral and metal processing, belongs to behavioral science
4 goals of psychology
DEPI: describe, explain, predict, influence
Basic science
Just doing research
Applied science
Doing something with it
Introspection
Act of looking inward to examine mental experience
Phrenology
Predicting behavior by studying the bumps on someone's head
Pseudoscience
False science like astrology, horoscopes and phrenology
Humanistic
Focuses on goals and self actualization
Biological
Brain and how the body works
Cognitive
Thinking, memory, language
Behavioral
Learned, reinforcement and punishment
Psychoanalytic/dynamic
Unconscious childhood, Freud believed that all thoughts and actions are determined by
the unconscious
Charles Darwin
Natural selection and evolution
William James
Father of American Psychology - functionalist
Wilhem Wundt
Father of Modern Psychology - structuralist, 1st psych lab in Germany.
Independent Variable
manipulated by the researcher
Experimental Group
received the treatment (part of the IV)
Control Group
placebo, baseline (part of the IV)
Placebo Effect
like a sugar pill
Double-Blind
Exp. where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition
people are assigned to
Dependent Variable
, measured variable (is DEPENDENT on the independent variable)
Operational Definition
clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Adv: real world validity (observe people in their own setting) Disadv: No cause and
effect ex. Jane Goodall and her study of chimpanzees
CORRELATION
a study to determine the degree of relationships between two events.
CASE STUDY
Studies ONE person (usually) in great detail - lots of info Disadv: No cause and effect
Mean
Average (use in normal distribution)
Median
Middle # (use in skewed distribution)
Mode
occurs most often
Survey Method
Get a lot of info. quickly Bad: people lie
Dendrites
Receive incoming signal
Soma
Cell body (includes nucleus)
Axon
Action Potential travels down this
Myelin Sheath
covers and protects the axon
Axon Terminals
release NTs - send signal onto next neuron
Synapse
space b/w neurons
Action Potential
movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical
charge down the axon
Sensory neurons
receive signals
Afferent neurons
Accept signals
Motor neurons
send signals
CENTRAL NS
Brain and spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NS
Rest of the NS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTS)
serve the function of carrying chemical neural messages across the synapses.
Dopamine
