CNIT 422 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed

CNIT 422 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed General Strain Theory Crime and Delinquency are adaptation to stress Frustrations leads to negative emotion (Strain) 3 Major types of deviance-producing strain Failure to achieve positively valued goals Removal of positive/desired stimuli Exposure to negative stimuli What are types of negative emotion that can result from strain? What is most important? Anger- Most Important Fear Envy Depression Anxiety Emotion Vicarious Strain Experience stress because someone else is under strain Anticipated Strain Future/Predicted strains General Theory of Crime Stems from low self-control and opportunities to offend Key factor in general theory of crime Low self-control According to G & H, when is socialization estabLished At 8 years old and doesn't change in life Space Transition Theory Argues that people behave differently when they are online compared to physical space How many postulates in space transition theory 7 Postulate 1: Space Transition Theory A person with repressed criminal behavior in the physical space have propensity to commit crime in cyberspace, which otherwise would not commit crime in physical space Postulate 2: Space Transition Theory Identity flexibility, dissociative anonymity, and lack of deterrence factor in the cyber space provides the offenders the choice to commit cyber crime Postulate 3: Space Transition Theory Criminal behaviors of offenders in cyberspace is likely to be imported to physical space (Vice Versa) Postulate 4 Space Transition Theory Cyberspace provides offenders the chance to escape -Attack victims from distance -No spatial-temporal restrictions Postulate 5: Space Transition Theory Strangers likely to unite together in cyberspace to commit crime than in physical space Postulate 6: Space Transition Theory People from closed society are more likely to commit crimes in cyberspace than from open society Postulate 7: Space Transition Theory Conflict of norms/values of physical space with the norms and values of cyberspace may lead to cyber crimes Routine Activities Theory: For a crime to occur 3 things must happen at the same time and same space 1) Suitable target is available 2) Lack of guardian to prevent crime 3) Motivated offender is present Differential Association Theory crime is a learned behavior stemming from intimate relationships Differential Association Theory Postulates 1) Criminal behavior is learned 2) Symbolic interaction 3) Intimate personal groups 4) Learning includes techniques and rationalizations 5) Learn favorable or unfavorable attitudes 6) Delinquency is the excess of positive definitions toward criminal behaviors How many postulates are there in differential association theory 9 What did Social Learning Theory expand on Akers expanded on Sutherland's differential association theory Social Learning Theory Created theory in order to account for mechanisms of learning -Linked differential association w/operant conditioning (how do consequences influence others) Four Dimensions of Social Learning Differential Association- Peer Relationships Differential Reinforcement- Balance of anticipated or actual awards and punishment Definitions- Positive & Negative attitudes Imitations- Engaging in behavior you just observed Theory of Reciprocal Determinism composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. Individual's behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Pre-Conventional Rights and Rewards determined by reward/ Punishment Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Conventional Views of others matter. Audience of blame; Seeking approval Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Post-Conventional Based on Society. Needs of others outweigh self Social Cognitive Theory -Explains how individuals who are engaged in deviant behavior justify their activities -People tend to refrain from behaving in ways that violate their moral standards Deterrence Theory Humans will be deterred from choosing to commit crime if hey believe punishment will be: -Certain- Most important -Swift -Severe Rational Choice Theory all people try to actively maximize their advantage in any situation and therefore consistently try to minimize their losses. Moral Disengagement Process of convincing the self that ethical standards do not apply to oneself -Alter thinking in order to justify actions Robin Hood Syndrome minimize consequences of their actions and rationalize their behavior as service to society Techniques of Neutralization Describes how beliefs affect the process of deciding to commit a crime Try to justify actions Denial of Responsibility Something else is directly responsible Denial of injury the behaviors are harmless Denial of victim Victim deserved it Condemnation of Condemners Those who condemn are hypocrites Appeal to higher loyalties Offense is for greater good of the group Foundational Principles for behavior Dispositional variables- Whats inside the person Situational Variables- What are external behaviors Five factor model of personality suggests individual's personality can be accurately described using Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism psychological disorders that have been theorized to explain some computer hacking behavior Antisocial personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Asperger syndrome ADHD Gender Role Socialization Idea that women were not raised in manner to pursue hacking or STEM Lucifer Effect Anyone can be evil Role of every-day heroes Focus less on bad behavior and more on good behavior Theory of reasoned Action predict how individuals will behave based on their pre-existing attitudes and behavioral intentions. An individual's decision to engage in a particular behavior is based on the outcomes the individual expects will come as a result of performing the behavior Theory of Planned Behavior Added perceived behavioral control because intention does not lead to behavior due to circumstantial limitations Actions are controlled by intentions Not all intentions are carried out Cognitive Dissonance "Continue smoking even though you know that smoking is bad" Skinner & Fream First to link crime to theories Strongest predator is deviant peers No predictive validity deviant reinforcement Turgeman-Goldschmidt: What are hacker's neutralizations Denial of Injury Denial of Harm Aspects of internet that facilitate crime Anonymity Threat of retaliation is low Increased emotional and social distance Depersonalized Lack of social context cues Disinhibition` Hay: General Strain and Cyberbullying Cyberbullying may result from strains Poor school performance and negative live events may predispose an individual to engage in bullying behavior Cyberbullying can be a strain on its own