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Samenvatting inleiding wetenschappelijk werk
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Dit is een samenvatting van het vak inleiding wetenschappelijk werk. Het omvat alles wat je moet kennen voor het examen.
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INHOUDSOPGAVEwat doet een onderzoeker als werk? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
wetenschappelijke integriteit ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
europese code ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
belgische code ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
fraude en plagiaat....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
3 manieren voor het gebruik van andermans werk ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
Fraude ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
plagiaat ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
wat noem je wetenschap? Wat is het? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
wetenschappelijke en niet-wetenschappelijke kennis ................................................................................................................................................. 7
logisch positivisme ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
empirische cyclus: inductieve opbouw ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
kritisch rationalisme .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
problemen met de inductieve opbouw van de wetenschap ........................................................................................................................................ 8
hypothetisch-deductieve opvatting: kritisch rationalisme ........................................................................................................................................... 9
de wetenschappelijke methode volgens popper .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
wetenschappelijke paradigma’s ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
de pre-paradigmatische periode ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
de periode van ‘normal science’ ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
revolutionaire wetenschap paradigma-verandering ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
de sociale wetenschappen ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
sociale wetenschappen als wetenschap .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
de sociale realiteit verschilt van de natuurlijke realiteit .................................................................................................................................................. 11
drie grondleggers: drie wetenschapsmodellen ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
naturalisme of positivisme (emile durkheim) ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
deverstehende of hermeneutische sociologie (mac weber)....................................................................................................................................... 12
maatschappijkritisch of emancipatior model (karl marx) ........................................................................................................................................... 12
de eigenheid en complexiteit van de studie van de sociale werkelijkheid ....................................................................................................................... 12
waarom zoeken? ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
probleemstelling.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
vorm ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
literatuurstudie ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
wat zoeken? wetenschappelijke bronnen ................................................................................................................................................................. 14
wetenschappelijk vs niet-wetenschappelijk ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
bron? .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
soorten literatuur ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
tijdschriftartikels......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
boeken ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
overheidsdocumenten ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
statistieken ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
woordenboeken ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
encyclopedie............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
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, andere bronnen .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
vindplaatsen van informatie: waar zoeken? .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
offline vs online ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
zoeken in bibliotheek ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
beoordelen op beschikbaarheid ................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
kan ik er aan? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
endnote click ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
beoordelen op relevantie ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
is dit iets voor mij? .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
beoordelen op kwaliteit............................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
is dit kwaliteit? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
peer review................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
zoeken in de bibliotheek (catalogus) ................................................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
zoeken in een referentiedatabank ............................................................................................................................................................................ 18
belangrijkste databanken ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
web of science ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
zoekstrategieën ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
hoe zoeken? .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
booleaanse operatoren .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
verkorte schrijfwijzen ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
andere instrumenten .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
zoekstrategieën om tot de juiste literatuur te komen (4 zoekstrategieën) ...................................................................................................................... 20
open rek snuisteren .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
publicaties leiden naar publicaties ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21
opwaarts zoeken ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
neerwaarts zoeken ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
zijwaarts zoeken ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
vier gespecialiseerde zoekmachines ................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
web of science ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
proquest ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
EBSCO ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
google scholar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
journal impact ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
citatie-analyses ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
beoordelen van auters .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
de dark side van publiceren ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
publsh or perish als cultuur ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
De darkside van publiceren: ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
De darkside van publiceren voor individuen (wat zijn de negatieve effecten?) ......................................................................................................... 29
De darkside en vlaanderen/nederland ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
de tegenbeweging – open access .............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
klassieke publicatie-model .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
open acces model ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
gold open acces .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
green open acces ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
hybride open acces ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
bronze open access .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
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, black open acces ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
alternatieve publicatiemodellen ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
predatory open acces ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
apa ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
basisprincipes van referenties................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
algemene regels ivm referen ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
in-tekst referenties (regeltjes)................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Maar: wat als? .....................................................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
paginanummers .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
hoe refereren in langere stukken tekst? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
auter bij in tekst referenties ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
speciale gevallen bij citaat .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
speciale gevallen bij referenties ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
speciale gevallen bij meerdere bronnen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 34
bibliografieën ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
3 basisstructuren (zie slides hier voor de regels) ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
auteurs in referenties ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
elektrische bronnen ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
inleiding de kern van het visualiseren ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
waarom visualsieren? ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
adviezen .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
basisregels apa ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
regel 1 steeds genummerd .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
regel 2 steeds duidelijke titeL .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
regel 3 steeds een verwijzing........................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
regel 4 op zich interpreteerbaar zijn ................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
tabellen .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
afhankelijk/onafhankelijkheid in tabellen ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
wanneer percentages wel/niet gebruiken? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 37
figuren ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
gevaren .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
logartimische schalen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
het schrijfproces ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
waarom is schrijven soms zo moeilijk? ............................................................................................................................................................................ 38
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, LES 1 INLEIDING
- Voor volgende week pdf bij college van wetenschapsmodellen. Zie ook theorie in boek van APA en Endnote.
- Deze les te kennen pagina’s. 7-11, 159-163, 146-147. Maar lees voor het examen het boek en slides nogmaals.
WETENSCHAPPER ZIJN OP EEN ETHISCHE MANIER
INFORMATIE
- “news or facts about something”
o Gaat over
o Iets
o Biedt nieuwe
o Correcte gegevens
Informatie moet vooral betekenis hebben. Sociaal wetenschappers gebruiken informattie met als oog een theorie/hyptothese te
ontwikkelen met als doel de werkelijkheid beter te kunnen begrijpen. Informatie bestaat uit eerdere resultaten
WAT DOET EEN ONDERZOEKER ALS WERK?
1. Mensen moeten een idee/vraag (onderzoeksvraag) hebben. Komen uit onze
ervaring.
2. Met die vragen gaan we aan de slag, we maken er een probleemstelling van.
3. We praten met collega’s over de probleemstelling. Die wordt scherp gestelt.
4. Aftoetsen in de literatuur (wat weten we al? Waar kan ik een bijdrage
leveren?)
5. Onderbouwen met gegevens. (onderzoeksdata)
6. Dan hebben we een eerste versie wat ons onderzoeksverslag moet zijn.
7. Daarna gaan we naar internationale collega’s in de hoop op goeie
commentaren en beschaving.
8. We sturen ze uit naar een tijdschrijft en wordt dit voorgelegd aan een peer-review. (=Ons werk wordt op een anonieme
manier voorgelegd aan collega’s).
9. Daar krijgen we dan feedback op.
Informatiemaatschappij = er is meer informatie, maar ook betekent dit dat het maatschappelijk leven wijzigt als gevolg van de
toename van en de toegang tot informatie. De meeste auteurs beschrijven informatiemaatschappij vanuit 5 dimensies:
1. Technologische dimensie: opkomst technologie
2. Economische dimensie: info wordt belangrijker voor economie
3. Tewerkstellingsdimensie: kenniswerkers
4. Ruimtelijke dimensie: ontstaan van informatienetwerken doorheen de tijd en ruimte
5. Culturele dimensie: collectieve toegang tot en gebruik van informatie en informatiekanalen
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