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Summary Introduction Biomedical Sciences (Empirical cycle, Variables & Descriptive statistics, Study design, Ethics, Probability rules, Biases)

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Course
Introduction Biomedical Sciences

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)

Includes the topics: Empirical cycle, Variables & Descriptive statistics, Study designs and pitfalls, Ethics, Probability rules and Biases

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Uploaded on January 30, 2024
Number of pages 17
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

ibms
biomedical sciences
sciences
biomedical
empirical cycle
descriptive statistics
variables
central
standard deviation
study designs
ethics
probab
probability
introduction biomedical sciences

Institution
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Education
Biomedical Sciences
Course
Introduction Biomedical Sciences

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Introduction to Biomedical Sciences (IBMS)
Year 1

Lecture 1; The Empirical cycle

Empirical research = research based on observation and measurement of phenomena,
as directly experienced by the researcher
- an example of scientific research
1. Evidence based data
2. Compare to theory
3. Quantitative and qualitative

Empirical evidence = Objective evidence that appears the same, regardless of the observer

Empirical cycle =
1. Identifying problem
- Observation
- noticing relationship
- Unexpected event
- Previous research
2. Reviewing literature
- what is already known
- gaps in literature?
3. Setting RQs, objectives, hypothesis
- what do you want to find out
4. Choose study design
- research strategy
- what variables, tools, measurements
- ethical considerations
5. Decide sample design
- sample of persons / events → represent population?
6. Collecting data
7. Processing and analyzing data
- what statistical methods need to be applied to data in order to accept
hypothesis
- evaluation data → interpretation of results → hypothesis proven?
8. Writing report evaluation study
→ for: scientist collect evidence in order to test their hypothesis

WG 1; Not study

RQ =
- open ended

, - running sentence
- specific + unambiguous
- not too broad
- follow PICO (population, intervention, control, outcome)

PICO : Effects of cannabinoids on glioblastomas
P→ European glioblastoma patients
I → Effect of cannabinoids
C → Glioblastoma patients on other therapies
O → Decrease tumor size

Hourglass structure

CPR1;

Review articles = Summarizes + evaluated preexisting knowledge
- abstract, introduction, BODY, discussion, references
Research articles = Provides new knowledge by showing novel empirical data
- abstract, introduction, METHODS, RESULTS, discussion, references

Referencing
- to avoid plagiarism
When?
- Insights/ideas/work from others
- not needed for common knowledge

Paraphrasing
- copy pasting directly
- Paraphrasing without crediting the author
- Patchwriting → paraphrasing by only changing few
words (even with citations)

Annotated Bibliography = bibliography that includes paragraph about each source

, - good to keep track of all sources wanting to be used
- informs about relevance
- includes: Reference, Context, Outcome, Evaluation

Lecture 2; not on test

Scientific Literature

Primary Literature = Original research articles, surveys, case report, case studies, editorial
Secondary Literature = Narrative reviews, Systematic reviews, Meta analysis, Book
reviews, Guidelines, Commentary

Scientific article
- Very dense
Read:
- Zapping → pick an article relevant to research
● (scanning of: titles, abstracts, intro, conclusions + title keywords, type of lit,
journal, date )
- Skim reading → grasp the papers content (not detailed)
● understand approach → first + last part of discussion → check figures tables
(quick)
● Quick scan throughout article → relevant methods, relevant results, whole
discussion, relevant fig tables)
- Structured focused reading → understand paper in depth
● key points
● figured out whether article is relevant for you and if outcomes are helpful

Lecture 3; Variables & Descriptive statistics

Science = The process of collecting data through observation (to better understand how the
world works)
Methodology = Study of the methods used to collect data, make those observations,
address RQs
Statistics = Set of mathematical tools that help us draw conclusions about our data

Individual = objects described by a set of data

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