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Samenvatting bacteriologie & mycologie prof. Cos
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Zelf 17/20 gehaald. Deze samenvatting omvat alleen het deel van prof. Cos (bacteriologie & mycologie), niet het deel virologie van prof. Delputte.
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BACTERIOLOGIE & MYCOLOGIE• Open examenvragen, in zinnen antwoorden
o Vraag over kiemen
o Vraag over structuur antimicrobiëlen
o Vaak vraag over mycologie
• Taxonomie = moeilijk hoofdstuk, antibiotica en antivirale therapie ook
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Structuur van bacteriële cellen ......................................................................................................................... 4
Vorm en arrangement ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Overzicht structuur ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Celwand .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Peptidoglycaan of mureïne............................................................................................................................ 6
Gram-positieve bacteriën ................................................................................................................................... 7
Gram-negatieve bacteriën.................................................................................................................................. 8
Gram kleuring ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Zuurvaste bacteriën .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Ziehl-Neelsen zuurvast kleuring ........................................................................................................................ 11
Bacteriën zonder celwand ................................................................................................................................ 11
Celmembraan (geen vragen over op examen) ................................................................................................. 12
Transport door membranen ............................................................................................................................. 12
Interne structuren ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Endosporen ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Externe structuren ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Biofilms ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Cultivatie en preservatie van bacteriën .......................................................................................................... 23
Fasen van groei ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Meten van bacteriële groei .............................................................................................................................. 24
Fysische factoren die groei beïnvloeden ........................................................................................................... 25
Nutritionele factoren die groei beïnvloeden ..................................................................................................... 28
Cultiveren van bacteriën ................................................................................................................................... 29
Gentransfer .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Introductie ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Transformatie ................................................................................................................................................... 30
1
, Conjugatie ........................................................................................................................................................ 32
Plasmiden ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Introductie tot taxonomie .............................................................................................................................. 33
Microbiële fylogenie ......................................................................................................................................... 33
3 domein classificatiesysteem .......................................................................................................................... 34
Taxonomie ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Staphylococcus spp........................................................................................................................................... 34
Streptococcus spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Corynebacterium spp........................................................................................................................................ 38
Listeria spp. ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Erysipelothrix spp. ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Bacillus spp. ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
Clostridium spp. ................................................................................................................................................ 40
Botulisme ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Tetanus ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Gasgangreen ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Blackleg ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Mycobacterium spp. ......................................................................................................................................... 43
Enterobacteriaceae .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Escherichia coli............................................................................................................................................. 44
Pseudomonas & Burkholderia .......................................................................................................................... 46
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ............................................................................................................................ 46
Burkholderia mallei ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Actinobacillus ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Francisella tularensis ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Bordetella species ............................................................................................................................................. 47
Brucella species ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Campylobacter en Helicobacter species ........................................................................................................... 48
Spirocheten ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
Mycoplasmas.................................................................................................................................................... 49
Chlamydia ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Antimicrobiële therapie ................................................................................................................................. 50
Geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
Antibiotica die celwandsynthese inhiberen ...................................................................................................... 52
Fases van PG synthese in S. aureus ............................................................................................................. 53
Penicilline-bindende proteïnen (PBP’s) ....................................................................................................... 55
1 – PG transpeptidase inhibitie: -lactam AB .............................................................................................. 55
Penicillines .............................................................................................................................................. 57
2
, Cephalosporines ..................................................................................................................................... 59
2 – Binding aan N-acyl-D-Ala termini: glycopeptiden .................................................................................. 60
3 – sequesters van bactoprenol-PP ............................................................................................................. 61
Antibiotica die membraanintegriteit verstoren ................................................................................................ 61
Antibiotica die eiwitsynthese blokkeren ........................................................................................................... 62
1: gericht tegen aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases............................................................................................. 63
2: gericht tegen het bacterieel ribosoom .................................................................................................... 63
Antibiotica die DNA- of RNA-synthese inhiberen .............................................................................................. 66
Antibiotica die folaatsynthese inhiberen .......................................................................................................... 67
Meten van antimicrobiële activiteit ................................................................................................................. 68
Antibioticumresistentie .................................................................................................................................... 69
Mycologie ...................................................................................................................................................... 71
Antifungale middelen ....................................................................................................................................... 74
Polyenen ...................................................................................................................................................... 74
Azolen .......................................................................................................................................................... 74
Echinocandines ............................................................................................................................................ 75
Allylamines .................................................................................................................................................. 75
Mycoses: fungale ziektes ............................................................................................................................. 75
Dermatophyten ........................................................................................................................................... 76
Gisten ............................................................................................................................................................... 79
Candida albicans.......................................................................................................................................... 79
Aspergillus species ............................................................................................................................................ 81
3
,STRUCTUUR VAN BACTERIËLE CELLEN
• MO:
o Bacteriën → prokaryoot
o Fungi → eukaryoot (mycologie = leer van de fungi)
o Virussen
o Parasieten
• Prokaryoot eukaryoot
o Groot verschil qua structuur → antibacteriële werken goed op bacteriën,
maar niet goed op fungi en andersom ook
• Grootte
o Meeste bacteriën: 0,5-2 m
o Humane RBC: 7,5 m
4
, VORM EN ARRANGEMENT
• Coccus
o = bolletje
o Kan op verschillende manieren
delen (zie figuur)
o Vb diplococ: Neisseria (genus)
meningitidis (species) →
veroorzaakt meningitis
o Bij diplococ zijn kanten tegen
elkaar afgeplat, niet volledig rond
(bij streptococ wel)
o Vb streptococ: Streptococcus
agalactiae → kan meningitis
veroorzaken bij pasgeborenen
o Kan ook 3-dimensionaal delen: staphylococ
o Vb staphylococ: Staphylococcus aureus
• Bacillus
o Staafjes
o Bvb Bacillus anthracis → veroorzaakt
anthrax = miltvuur
o Cocobacil = tussenvorm (maakt niet uit of je
op examen coc/bacil/cocobacil schrijft)
o Bacterie met pos effect bvb Lactobacillus
bulgaricus = probioticum
• Vibrio
o Bvb Vibrio cholerae
• Spirillum NK
• Spirocheet
o Kurkentrekkervormig
o Bvb Borrelia burgdorferi =
ziekte van lyme
OVERZICHT STRUCTUUR
• Een celmembraan, gewoonlijk omgeven door een celwand (celwand niet bij dierlijke
cellen)
• Een intern cytoplasma met ribosomen, een nucleaire regio, …
• Een variëteit aan externe structuren, zoals capsule, flagella en pili
→ examenvrag over structuur bacterie!!!
5
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